Altitudes Definition and Measurement Principle

This lecture covers the definitions of altitudes, including orthometric altitude measured vertically, altimetric system attached to the average sea level, and geometric leveling for height differences. It also explains the rigorous measurement framework, the Swiss leveling system, and the application of gravity potential. The lecture delves into the measuring principles using instruments like the level and the reading staff, emphasizing the importance of accuracy and reliability in geomatics elements.