This lecture explores the co-evolutionary analysis of protein sequences, focusing on the discoveries made and future directions. It covers the fundamental aspects of proteins, including their structure, folding process, and the role of amino acid sequences. The lecture delves into the variability of homolog proteins among species, correlated mutations, residue contacts, and the concept of direct coupling analysis (DCA). It explains how DCA works, its technical aspects, and the challenges in solving the model. The presentation emphasizes the importance of understanding protein co-evolution for studying protein families and predicting protein structures.