This lecture covers the concept of polynomial identity testing, where the goal is to determine if two polynomials are equal. The instructor explains the process of testing polynomial identities using oracles and techniques such as evaluating points at random. The lecture also delves into the application of polynomial identity testing in graph theory, particularly in determining perfect matchings. Various lemmas related to polynomial identity testing are discussed, including the Schwartz-Zippel lemma. The lecture concludes with a detailed explanation of the algorithmic aspects of polynomial identity testing.