This lecture covers the priority of operations, emphasizing the importance of simplifying expressions by rearranging parentheses and applying the properties of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. The instructor explains how to identify and eliminate unnecessary parentheses, introduces the rule of simplification based on the generalized associativity, and demonstrates examples of simplifying expressions involving all four operations. Additionally, the lecture discusses the sign rule for distinguishing positive and negative integers without excessive parentheses, and presents the conventional rules of operation priority, highlighting the precedence of powers, roots, multiplication, division, and negation over addition and subtraction.