Photon Behavior: Wave-Particle Duality and Applications

This lecture discusses the dual nature of light, emphasizing its behavior as both a wave and a particle. The instructor begins by contrasting Einstein's deterministic view with the probabilistic interpretation of quantum mechanics, highlighting the significance of measurement in determining a photon's characteristics. The concept of wave function collapse is introduced, illustrating how light behaves as a probability wave until measured. The lecture further explores the implications of this duality through the Schrödinger's cat thought experiment, demonstrating the complexities of quantum states. The instructor explains the Compton effect, detailing how photon interactions conserve momentum and energy, leading to practical applications such as solar sails and optical tweezers. The discussion also covers the mathematical foundations of wave propagation, Fourier transforms, and the importance of understanding averages and variances in quantum mechanics. The lecture concludes by reiterating the fundamental principles governing the behavior of photons and their applications in modern physics.