This lecture explores the transition from the Paleolithic to the Neolithic era, focusing on the development of agriculture, the rise of cities, and the impact of human activities on the environment. It delves into the origins of farming, the domestication of plants and animals, the emergence of city-states, and the consequences of human domination over nature. The discussion covers key concepts such as the Neolithic Revolution, urbanization, agricultural expansion, and the societal changes brought about by the shift from hunting-gathering to settled agriculture.