Second Law of Thermodynamics

This lecture covers the Second Law of Thermodynamics, stating that a spontaneous transformation always leads to an increase in the entropy of the universe, which is the sum of the system and environment entropy. The increase in entropy can occur through heating, volume change, or phase transitions. The concept of Gibbs Free Energy is introduced to determine the spontaneity of a reaction. The equilibrium constant, equilibrium composition, and the response of equilibrium to changes are also discussed, along with Le Châtelier's Principle. Various clicker questions and examples are used to illustrate these concepts.