This lecture by the instructor covers the topics of demography and population growth, focusing on the development of sustainable cities and the challenges posed by demographic transitions. It explores the impact of urbanization, international migration, and the demographic metabolism on population dynamics. The presentation delves into the historical evolution of world food production, the demographic transition model, and the future projections of world population growth. Additionally, it discusses the implications of population ageing, cohort replacement, and the economic consequences of dependent populations in the context of an ageing society.