Optical Principles

This lecture covers the fundamental principles of ray and wave optics, including the postulates of ray optics, Fermat's principle, reflection, Snell's law, optical boundaries, lens focusing properties, eye as an optical system, magnifying glass, microscope variations, light through a lens, wave optics postulates, wave function, spectrum of solar radiation, optical intensity, monochromatic and plane waves, interference, Huygens-Fresnel principle, diffraction, Fourier analysis, and examples of optical phenomena. It also delves into topics like phase contrast microscopy, electron microscopy, optical tricks, interferometers, Fourier spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, nonlinear optics, lasers, and crystal structure determination.