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This lecture covers the study of paleoclimatology, focusing on the use of foraminifera as proxies to reconstruct past ocean conditions. It discusses the identification of reliable paleoseawater-temperature proxies, the different forms of diagenesis affecting foraminifera, and the advantages of using foraminifera for paleoclimate reconstructions. The lecture also explores the challenges and solutions related to the Cool-tropics Paradox, where discrepancies in temperature reconstructions between high and low latitudes are discussed.