This lecture discusses the critical issues surrounding water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) in Africa, highlighting that 570 million people lack access to sanitation. The instructor presents the New Sanitation Economy, emphasizing the need for innovative toilet technologies and business models that can transform sanitation systems into value-generating marketplaces. The lecture outlines the economic costs of inadequate sanitation, which amount to $260 billion globally, and the health implications of unsafe water. The instructor introduces various initiatives, including the Wastewater Zero Pledge and the WASH4Work Coalition, aimed at improving sanitation and water access. The importance of digitization in sanitation is also emphasized, showcasing how data can inform health outcomes and optimize resource recovery. The lecture concludes with a vision for new sanitation systems that prioritize sustainability and resilience, integrating circular economy principles to recover renewable resources from waste. Overall, the lecture provides a comprehensive overview of the challenges and innovative solutions in the WASH sector.