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This lecture covers the importance of identifying the right antibiotics for Klebsiella pneumoniae infections, the markers to measure for susceptibility and resistance, and the detection of nucleic acids, proteins, and small molecules in pathogens and hosts. It also discusses the technical challenges in developing rapid diagnostics for antimicrobial resistance, the principles of sample preparation for molecular diagnostics of bacteria, and the sensitivity and speed requirements for bacterial diagnostics. Additionally, it explores the concept of point-of-care tests, direct detection of genomic DNA from MRSA, small molecule biomarker detection using EIS, and genotyping of antibiotic resistance.