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This lecture covers the interaction of radiation with matter, including reaction rate, cross section, interaction of X and gamma radiation, and interaction of neutrons. It explains the probability of nuclear reactions, typical cross sections, and various interaction processes of X and gamma rays. The lecture also delves into the photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, and pair production, highlighting their significance in radiation detection. The discussion extends to neutron interactions, nuclear reactions with incident neutrons, and the energy balance of nuclear reactions. The lecture concludes by emphasizing the different types of reactions, such as elastic scattering, inelastic scattering, neutron capture, and fission reactions.