Lecture
This lecture discusses the relationship between energy supply, economic growth, and carbon emissions. It highlights the need for a significant reduction in CO2 intensity to meet climate targets, specifically a 48% reduction by 2030 relative to 2019 levels. The instructor presents the Kaya identity, which decomposes the factors contributing to CO2 emissions, including population growth, GDP per capita, and energy efficiency. The analysis shows that while population growth and economic activity tend to increase emissions, improvements in energy efficiency and a shift towards renewable energy sources are essential for achieving decarbonization. The lecture also examines the limitations of the IPAT framework and emphasizes the importance of sufficiency, efficiency, and substitution in reducing environmental impacts. The instructor illustrates these concepts with examples from different countries, demonstrating how varying energy intensities and carbon emissions can be attributed to demographic and economic factors. The discussion concludes with reflections on the challenges of achieving sustainable growth while addressing climate change.