This lecture explores the pivotal role of the hippocampus in memory, spatial perception, and time encoding. It delves into historical milestones, such as the case of patient H.M., and modern discoveries of place cells, grid cells, and time cells, shedding light on the hippocampus's function in cognitive mapping and temporal sequencing. Furthermore, it discusses the hippocampus's involvement in pathologies like Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, and cerebrovascular diseases.