This lecture provides a comprehensive overview of various regulatory mechanisms in biological systems, including phosphorylation, ubiquitinylation, methylation, acetylation, and hydroxylation. It covers topics such as protein degradation, multimerisation, allosteric control, and RNA and translation controls. The instructor discusses examples of how these mechanisms impact proteins, lipids, sugars, and gene expression, highlighting their roles in cell signaling, DNA repair, and transcriptional regulation.