Carbonate equilibrium

This lecture covers the equilibrium in both open and closed carbonate systems, focusing on the species involved such as H₂CO3, HCO3, CO3²-, H+, and OH-. The equilibrium equations are derived and graphically represented, with examples of pH calculations and the impact of adding other acids. The lecture also discusses the exchange of volatile matter in open systems, the effect of Pco2 on equilibrium pH, and the dissolution of CaCO3. Various exercises are provided to apply the concepts learned, including determining equilibrium pH values under different conditions.