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This lecture discusses the design of an Arbiter Finite State Machine (FSM) in VHDL for digital system design. It covers the states and logic of the arbiter, including the counter for access timing. The lecture also explains the implementation of the FSM and counter in a single process, with combinational logic for the counter. Various states such as WAIT_REQ1, WAIT_REQ2, GRANT_SS1, and GRANT_SS2 are detailed, along with the corresponding logic. The lecture emphasizes the importance of enabling the counter when access is granted for a guaranteed 2 seconds to manage user requests effectively.