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This lecture covers the vector representation of signals, including the discrete representation associated with a vector in a space of dimension n, the dot product between signals, orthogonal signals, and the projection theorem for signal approximation. It also discusses the serial development of functions, the importance of orthonormal functions, and the convergence of approximations. Furthermore, it explores sets of orthogonal functions such as offset rectangular pulses and sinusoidal functions, as well as the Fourier series representation of signals.