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This lecture covers the processes of glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, which are essential for cellular respiration. It explains how glucose is broken down to produce ATP and generate energy through a series of enzymatic reactions. The instructor discusses the role of coenzymes like NAD and FAD in carrying electrons and facilitating energy production in the mitochondria. The lecture also delves into the concept of oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain, highlighting the generation of ATP through a proton gradient. Additionally, the ATP synthase enzyme's structure and function in synthesizing ATP are explained in detail.