Lecture
This lecture covers the principles and applications of X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy (UPS). Topics include chemical shift, binding energy, electron relaxation paths, quantitative XPS analysis, trends in photoelectron intensities, background subtraction methods, and the importance of Auger electrons. The lecture also discusses the use of XPS mapping, angle-resolved XPS, high energy XPS, and inverse photoelectron spectroscopy. Case studies on TiO2 coatings and doped TiO2 films are presented to illustrate the practical applications of electron spectroscopy.