Phase Transitions: Real Gases and Iron Phases

This lecture covers phase transitions in real gases, including the critical point, first and second-order phase transitions, and the fluid phase where liquid and gas form a single phase. It also discusses the phases of iron at different temperatures, demonstrated through experiments. Additionally, the lecture explores phase diagrams in terms of pressure and volume, highlighting the behavior of perfect gases like CO₂ and H₂O. The cycle of van der Waals on a phase diagram is presented, showing the six processes involved in bypassing the substance's critical point.