This lecture covers the formation of excitons in polymers with non-degenerate ground states, the process of exciton formation upon irradiation, and the effects of chemical doping on poly(thiophene) and poly(aniline). It also discusses the formation of positive and negative polarons, evidence of polarons and bipolarons, spectroscopic aggregates, and the crystal structure of quaterphenyl. Additionally, it revisits the effective conjugation length, the impact of dynamic disorder, packing interactions, and static disorder on the molecular level.