This lecture covers the role of public policies in promoting sustainability, focusing on the context of ecological transition. It discusses the need for state intervention, the concept of market failure, different types of goods, and the importance of addressing externalities. The instructor explains the three levels of government in Switzerland, the political system as a subsystem of society, and the role of Swiss political actors and civil society. The lecture also delves into the necessity of state intervention, the reasons for intervention, and favorite interventions for ecological transition.