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The European Train Control System (ETCS) is the signalling and control component of the European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS). It is a replacement for legacy train protection systems and designed to replace the many incompatible safety systems currently used by European railways. The standard was also adopted outside Europe and is an option for worldwide application. In technical terms it is a type of positive train control (PTC). ETCS is implemented with standard trackside equipment and unified controlling equipment within the train cab.
The European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS) is the system of standards for management and interoperation of signalling for railways by the European Union (EU). It is conducted by the European Union Agency for Railways (ERA) and is the organisational umbrella for the separately managed parts of GSM–R (communication), European Train Control System (ETCS, signalling), European Train Management Layer (ETML, payload management) The main target of ERTMS is to promote the interoperability of trains in the EU.
The Automatic Train Operation of a metro line is not so difficult to implement: almost no junction or crossing between lines, rolling stock homogeneity, double track operation, relatively low speed, v
Dealing with congested railway area becomes an important topic in railway operation management. Significant efforts are made to develop Driver Advisory System (DAS) in connection with the trackside Tr