Jules Henri DebrayJules Henri Debray (26 July 1827, in Amiens – 19 July 1888, in Paris) was a French chemist. In 1847 he began his studies at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris, and several years later became an instructor at the Lycée Charlemagne (1855). From 1875 onward, he taught classes in chemistry at the École Normale Supérieure, where in 1881 he succeeded Henri Étienne Sainte-Claire Deville as professor of chemistry. He is best remembered for his collaborative research with Sainte-Claire Deville involving the properties of platinum metals, in particular, the melting of platinum and its alloys.
Jean-Jacques VitonJean-Jacques Viton (24 May 1933 – 14 March 2021) was a French poet. Viton spent his childhood in London and moved to Marseille during World War II. After the war, he lived in Morocco and served in the French Navy until 1958. From 1958 to 1963, he worked as an administrator at Marseille's Théâtre Quotidien. He co-founded the newspaper Banana Split with Liliane Giraudon in 1980. In May 2018, Viton played a key role in the petition to boycott the cross-cultural festival "France-Israël" in support of Palestine in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.
Jean Charles Athanase PeltierJean Charles Athanase Peltier (ˈpɛltieɪ; pɛltje; 22 February 1785 – 27 October 1845) was a French physicist. He was originally a watch dealer, but at the age of 30 began experiments and observations in physics. Peltier was the author of numerous papers in different departments of physics. His name is specially associated with the thermal effects at junctions in a voltaic circuit, the Peltier effect.
Chasseurs AlpinsThe chasseurs alpins (Alpine Hunters) are the elite mountain infantry force of the French Army. They are trained to operate in mountainous terrain and in urban warfare. France created its own mountain corps in the late 19th century in order to oppose any Italian invasion through the Alps. In 1859–70 Italy became unified, forming a powerful state. The French army saw this geopolitical change as a potential threat to their Alpine border, especially as the Italian army was already creating troops specialized in mountain warfare (the Alpini).
Catherine VidalCatherine Vidal (born July 7 1951) is a French neurobiologist, feminist and essayist. She is the author of popular science books in the field of cognitive differences between genders. She obtained her doctorate in 1986 at Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris, under Pierre Buser. Her thesis concerned stress, nociception and body temperature. She pursued a research career at the Pasteur Institute, from 1981 to 2014; she was appointed research director there in 1997 and worked in areas including infection of the brain by the AIDS virus, neuronal death in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and prion infections.
Louis Carré (mathematician)Louis Carré (26 July 1663 – 17 April 1711) was a French mathematician and member of the French Academy of Sciences. He was the author of one of the first books on integral calculus. Due to his father's wish that he become a priest, Carré studied theology for several years but did not join the priesthood. He took a post as an amanuensis for philosopher Nicolas Malebranche, a mathematics professor at the Congregation of the Oratory, and tutored students as well. On February 4, 1699, he became a student of Pierre Varignon at the Academy of Sciences.
Henri LaboritHenri Laborit (21 November 1914 – 18 May 1995) was a French surgeon, neurobiologist, writer and philosopher. In 1952, Laborit was instrumental in the development of the drug chlorpromazine, published his findings, and convinced three psychiatrists to test it on a patient, resulting in great success. Laborit was recognized for his work, but as a surgeon searching for an anesthetic, he came to be at odds with psychiatrists who made their own discoveries and competing claims.
Néron (Isère)The Néron is a mountain in the French department of Isère at 1,299 metres in the Chartreuse massif in the Alps. Sometimes called Casque du Néron in the 19th century because of its shape, its name literally means "the black one" and has no connection with the Roman emperor or with the existence of an ancient station used as a lookout and refuge in its southern part. The mountain is shaped like an inverted ship's hull with a very pronounced north–south oriented main ridge and is mainly composed of Urgonian limestone.
Amedeo AvogadroLorenzo Romano Amedeo Carlo Avogadro, Count of Quaregna and Cerreto (ˌævəˈɡɑːdroʊ, also USˌɑːv-, ameˈdɛːo avoˈɡaːdro; 9 August 1776 - 9 July 1856) was an Italian scientist, most noted for his contribution to molecular theory now known as Avogadro's law, which states that equal volumes of gases under the same conditions of temperature and pressure will contain equal numbers of molecules. In tribute to him, the ratio of the number of elementary entities (atoms, molecules, ions or other particles) in a substance to its amount of substance (the latter having the unit mole), , is known as the Avogadro constant.
JansenismJansenism was an early modern theological movement within Catholicism, primarily active in the Kingdom of France, that arose in an attempt to reconcile the theological concepts of free will and divine grace. Jansenists claimed to profess the true doctrine of grace as put forth by Augustine of Hippo. In 1653, Pope Innocent X promulgated the bull Cum occasione, which condemned five errors attributed to Jansenism, including the idea that Christ did not die or shed his blood for all men.
