VIP and PACAP in the CNS: regulators of glial energy metabolism and modulators of glutamatergic signaling
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Evidence suggests that astrocytes might play an important role in cerebral energy metabolism. A recently developed cell line, called DI TNC1, displays several characteristic features of astrocytes. Thus, we have investigated in these cells a number of para ...
Astrocyte end-feet surround intraparenchymal microvessels and represent therefore the first cellular barrier for glucose entering the brain. As such, they are a likely site of prevalent glucose uptake. Astrocytic processes are also wrapped around synaptic ...
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) promotes glycogenolysis in primary cultures of mouse cerebral cortical astrocytes with an EC50 of 1.5 microM. A pharmacological analysis indicates an involvement of purinergic P2Y receptors in this action of ATP. Application of ...
Signals detected with functional brain imaging techniques are based on the coupling between neuronal activity and energy metabolism. Positron emission tomography signals detect blood flow, oxygen consumption and glucose utilization associated with neuronal ...
Glutamate, released at a majority of excitatory synapses in the central nervous system, depolarizes neurons by acting at specific receptors. Its action is terminated by removal from the synaptic cleft mostly via Na(+)-dependent uptake systems located on bo ...
The sulfur-containing amino acid homocysteic acid (HCA) is present in and released from nervous tissue, exerting excitatory effects on neurons by predominantly activating NMDA receptors. It is interesting that HCA appears to be exclusively localized in gli ...
A growing number of biologically active peptides is being identified within the central nervous system (CNS). According to currently accepted criteria, several of these peptides, including VIP, can be viewed as neurotransmitters. Recent immunohistochemical ...
The effect of increasing [K+]0 on 3H-glycogen levels was examined in mouse cerebral cortical slices. K+ stimulates in a time- and concentration-dependent manner the hydrolysis of 3H-glycogen. Over 70% of the maximal effect is reached within 30 sec and the ...
Mouse cerebral cortex slices will synthesize [3H]glycogen in vitro. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) stimulates the enzymatic breakdown of this [3H]glycogen. The concentration giving 50% of maximum effectiveness (EC50) is 26 nM. Under the same exper ...
Excitatory synaptic transmission is associated with changes in both extracellular and intracellular pH. Using mouse cortical neurons in primary cultures, we studied the sensitivity of glutamate-evoked release of 3H-arachidonic acid (3H-AA) to changes in ex ...