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Ca2+ channels and transmitter release at the active zone

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RIM1 and RIM2 redundantly determine Ca2+ channel density and readily releasable pool size at a large hindbrain synapse

Ralf Schneggenburger, Yunyun Han, Zsolt Norbert Babai

The localization and density of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels at active zones are essential for the amount and kinetics of transmitter release at synapses. RIM proteins are scaffolding proteins at the active zone that bind to several other presynaptic protei ...

American Physiological Society2015

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The inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA is synthesized by the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) in neurons and in pancreatic β-cells in islets of Langerhans where it functions as a paracrine and autocrine signaling molecule regulating the function of i ...

Public Library of Science2015

Molecular mechanisms governing Ca2+ regulation of evoked and spontaneous release

Ralf Schneggenburger

The relationship between transmitter release evoked by action potentials and spontaneous release has fascinated neuroscientists for half a century, and separate biological roles for spontaneous release are emerging. Nevertheless, separate functions for spo ...

2015

Atomic structures of a bactericidal contractile nanotube in its pre- and postcontraction states

Petr Leiman, Peng Ge

R-type pyocins are representatives of contractile ejection systems, a class of biological nanomachines that includes, among others, the bacterial type VI secretion system (T6SS) and contractile bacteriophage tails. We report atomic models of the Pseudomona ...

Nature Publishing Group2015

An Alien Divalent Ion Reveals a Major Role for Ca2+ Buffering in Controlling Slow Transmitter Release

Ralf Schneggenburger, Daniel Keller, Olexiy Kochubey, Zsolt Norbert Babai

Ca2+-dependent transmitter release occurs in a fast and in a slow phase, but the differential roles of Ca2+ buffers and Ca2+ sensors in shaping release kinetics are still controversial. Replacing extracellular Ca2+ by Sr2+ causes decreased fast release but ...

2014

Astrocytes play active roles in brain physiology by dynamic interactions with neurons. Connexin 30, one of the two main astroglial gap-junction subunits, is thought to be involved in behavioral and basic cognitive processes. However, the underlying cellula ...

Nature Publishing Group2014

Endosomes: Guardians Against [Ru(Phen)3]2+ Photo-action In Endothelial Cells During In Vivo pO2 Detection?

Georges Wagnières, Veronika Huntosova

Phototoxicity is a side-effect of in vitro and in vivo oxygen partial pressure (pO(2)) detection by luminescence lifetime measurement methods. Dichlorotris(1,10-phenanthroline)-ruthenium(II) hydrate (Ru(Phen)(3)) is a water soluble pO(2) probe associ ...

Royal Soc Chemistry2014

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A major contemporary concern in developing eective liposomeÀnanoparticle hybrids is the present inclusion size limitation of nanoparticles between vesicle bilayers, which is considered to be around 6.5 nm in diameter. In this article, we present experimen ...

Amer Chemical Soc2014

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Cell-derived membrane vesicles that are released in biofluids, like blood or saliva, are emerging as potential non-invasive biomarkers for diseases, such as cancer. Techniques capable of measuring the size and concentration of membrane vesicles directly in ...

Royal Soc Chemistry2014

Molecular and Dimensional Profiling of Highly Purified Extracellular Vesicles by Fluorescence Fluctuation Spectroscopy

Horst Vogel, Davide Demurtas, Luigino Grasso, Romain Wyss, Camille Wolf, Hans Wolfgang Grosse

Cells secrete extracellular vesicles (EVs) into their microenvironment that act as mediators of intercellulard communication under physiological conditions and in this context also actively participate in spreading various diseases. Large efforts are curre ...

Amer Chemical Soc2014