Aberrant Accumulation of the Diabetes Autoantigen GAD65 in Golgi Membranes in Conditions of ER Stress and Autoimmunity
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Bile acids (BAs), a group of structurally diverse molecules that are primarily synthesized in the liver from cholesterol, are the chief components of bile. Besides their well-established roles in dietary lipid absorption and cholesterol homeostasis, it has ...
CD4(+) T cells are considered to be the major controlling element of the adaptive immune response. They recognize foreign peptides by interaction of the T cell receptor (TCR) with peptide complexed to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecul ...
Administration of autoantigens through DNA immunizations or via the oral route can prevent progression of islet destruction and lower the incidence of type 1 diabetes in animal models. This beneficial effect is mediated by autoreactive regulatory CD4 lymph ...
Autoimmune diabetes mellitus in humans is characterized by immunological destruction of pancreatic beta islet cells. We investigated the circumstances under which CD8(+) T cells specific for pancreatic beta-islet antigens induce disease in mice expressing ...
The GABA-synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is expressed in pancreatic beta-cells and GABA has been suggested to play a role in islet cell development and function. Mouse beta-cells predominantly express the larger isoform of the enzyme, ...
Type 1 diabetes is a T cell-mediated disease in which B cells serve critical Ag-presenting functions. In >95% of type 1 diabetic patients the B cell response to the glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) autoantigen is exclusively directed at conformationa ...
The formation of the pancreas from the endoderm layer takes place in different steps including the specification of the precursor territory, the outgrowth of pancreas buds, the differentiation of exocrine and endocrine cells, and the migration of endocrine ...
Reticulons are proteins of neuroendocrine cells localized primarily to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Despite their implication in cellular processes like apoptosis or axonal regeneration, their intracellular molecular function is still largely unknow ...
The live tuberculosis vaccines Mycobacterium bovis BCG (bacille Calmette-Guérin) and Mycobacterium microti both lack the potent, secreted T-cell antigens ESAT-6 (6-kDa early secretory antigenic target) and CFP-10 (10-kDa culture filtrate protein). This is ...
Although expressed at very low levels in islets of NOD mice, GAD65 is a candidate islet autoantigen. Two transgenic lines of NOD/Lt mice expressing high levels of human GAD65 from a rat insulin promoter were generated. Transgenes were integrated on proxima ...
