Stretchable Materials for Robust Soft Actuators towards Assistive Wearable Devices

Soft actuators made from elastomeric active materials can find widespread potential implementation in a variety of applications ranging from assistive wearable technologies targeted at biomedical rehabilitation or assistance with activities of daily living, bioinspired and biomimetic systems, to gripping and manipulating fragile objects, and adaptable locomotion. In this manuscript, we propose a novel two-component soft actuator design and design tool that produces actuators targeted towards these applications with enhanced mechanical performance and manufacturability. Our numerical models developed using the finite element method can predict the actuator behavior at large mechanical strains to allow efficient design iterations for system optimization. Based on two distinctive actuator prototypes’ (linear and bending actuators) experimental results that include free displacement and blocked-forces, we have validated the efficacy of the numerical models. The presented extensive investigation of mechanical performance for soft actuators with varying geometric parameters demonstrates the practical application of the design tool, and the robustness of the actuator hardware design, towards diverse soft robotic systems for a wide set of assistive wearable technologies, including replicating the motion of several parts of the human body.

Comprehensive Interactive Soft Interfaces for Wearable Tactile Feedback

Harshal Arun Sonar

As the field of robotics continues to grow outside the manufacturing environment into our daily lives, the interactions between humans and robots are increasingly becoming close and dynamic. This type of environment requires robots to be less rigid, multi-functional, safer, and compliant with human bodies. Such robotics interfaces are ideally suited for medical rehabilitation, elderly assistance to at-home entertainment devices. However, the traditional rigid robotic devices fail to address some of the design criteria posed for safety, compliance, and physical limitations on the mechanical design. In the case of wearable technologies, the robotic device additionally requires a lightweight, compliant, and safe interface to provide smooth communication and interaction with humans. The traditional robotic systems are fast, accurate, and can handle large torques. However, they are also, application-specific and not suitable as it is for the wearable scenario due to the contradictory design requirements. In the past decade, soft robotics has emerged as a novel approach to solve the complex problems faced by rigid robots using inherent softness and compliant material properties. The design for the future interactive wearable interfaces thus may lie in the intersection of developments in the fields of wearable technology and soft robotics.Designing a wearable interactive interface with soft materials for wearability, portability, cost-effectiveness, and modularity would be one of the ideal solutions to tackle the wearability challenge. It can be a cost-effective solution for at-home assistive rehabilitation or entertainment. It also allows developing novel methods of soft sensing, actuation, control strategies, and human in loop protocols to maximize the utility of inherent material properties and environment around the robotic device.In my Ph.D. research, I develop and create hardware and software towards an immersive interactive soft virtual-tactile environment focusing on the wearability, portability, easy customization, and modularity aspects. I developed a low profile soft pneumatic actuator-skin (SPA-skin) with distributed sensing and actuation capabilities for testing various levels of complex vibrotactile feedback: the multilayer composite of high-sensitivity PZT pressure sensors and vibratory SPA can produce up to 3 N output force at 0-100 Hz. This demonstrated that SPA-skin produces distinctive and dynamic haptic force feedback under modulated varying time, force, and spatial resolution. Furthermore, a complete framework for designing a tactile feedback skin for specific wearable applications is developed, starting from the material selection and actuator design, and concluding with the validation of the subjectâs perceived feedback. As soon as, the SPA-skin is required to be worn by humans, the complexity of the problem multiplies due to lack of proper grounding to ensure the blocked forces. The platform is further optimized for application space in fMRI compliant environment and a user study protocol for somatosensory thresholds is designed. The modulable and controllable nature of SPA-skinâs tactile feedback provides much-needed validation using BOLD signals from brain imaging. SPA-skin and findings presented herein, provide a foundational platform to further investigate the sensitivity of human skin and decipher mechanoreceptor reactions for a diverse range of human-robot interactions and wearable technology.

EPFL2021

Design and Computational Modeling of a Modular, Compliant Robotic Assembly for Human Lumbar Unit and Spinal Cord Assistance

Gunjan Agarwal, Jamie Paik, Matthew Aaron Robertson, Harshal Arun Sonar

Wearable soft robotic systems are enabling safer human-robot interaction and are proving to be instrumental for biomedical rehabilitation. In this manuscript, we propose a novel, modular, wearable robotic device for human (lumbar) spine assistance that is developed using vacuum driven, soft pneumatic actuators (V-SPA). The actuators can handle large, repetitive loads efficiently under compression. Computational models to capture the complex non-linear mechanical behavior of individual actuator modules and the integrated assistive device are developed using the finite element method (FEM). The models presented can predict system behavior at large values of mechanical deformations and allow for rapid design iterations. It is shown that a single actuator module can be used to obtain a variety of different motion and force profiles and yield multiple degrees of freedom (DOF) depending on the module loading conditions, resulting in high system versatility and adaptability, and efficient replication of the targeted motion range for the human spinal cord. The efficacy of the finite element model is first validated for a single module using experimental results that include free displacement and blocked-forces. These results are then extended to encompass an extensive investigation of bio-mechanical performance requirements from the module assembly for the human spine-assistive device proposed.

2017

Functional Soft Robotic Actuators Based on Dielectric Elastomers

Jun Shintake

Dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs) are a promising soft actuator technology for robotics. Adding robotic functionalities--folding, variable stiffness, and adhesion--into their actuator design is a novel method to create functionalized robots with simplified actuator configurations. We first propose a foldable actuator that has a simple antagonistic DEA configuration allowing bidirectional actuation and passive folding. To prove the concept, a foldable elevon actuator with outline size of 70 mm × 130 mm is developed with a performance specification matched to a 400 mm wingspan micro air vehicle (MAV) of mass 130 g. The developed actuator exhibits actuation angles up to ± 26 ° and a torque of 2720 mN·mm in good agreement with a prediction model. During a flight, two of these integrated elevon actuators well controlled the MAV, as proven by a strong correlation of 0.7 between the control signal and the MAV motion. We next propose a variable stiffness actuator consisting of a pre-stretched DEA bonded on a low-melting-point alloy (LMPA) embedded silicone substrate. The phase of the LMPA changes between liquid and solid enabling variable stiffness of the structure, between soft and rigid states, while the DEA generates a bending actuation. A proof-of-concept actuator with dimension 40 mm length × 10mm width × 1mm thickness and a mass of 1 g is fabricated and characterized. Actuation is observed up to 47.5 ° angle and yielding up to 2.4 mN of force in the soft state. The stiffness in the rigid state is ~90 × larger than an actuator without LMPA. We develop a two-finger gripper in which the actuators act as the fingers. The rigid state allows picking up an object mass of 11 g (108 mN), to be picked up even though the actuated grasping force is only 2.4 mN. We finally propose an electroadhesion actuator that has a DEA design simultaneously maximizing electroadhesion and electrostatic actuation, while allowing self-sensing by employing an interdigitated electrode geometry. The concept is validated through development of a two-finger soft gripper, and experimental samples are characterized to address an optimal design. We observe that the proposed DEA design generates 10 × larger electroadhesion force compared to a conventional DEA design, equating to a gripper with a high holding force (3.5 N shear force for 1 cm^2) yet a low grasping force (1 mN). These features make the developed simple gripper to handle a wide range of challenging objects such as highly-deformable water balloons (35.6 g), flat paper (0.8 g), and a raw chicken egg (60.9 g), with its lightweight (1.5 g) and fast movement (100 ms to close fingers). The results in this thesis address the creation of the functionalized robots and expanding the use of DEAs in robotics.