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Late human development is characterized by the maturation of high-level functional processes, which rely on reshaping of white matter connections, as well as synaptic density. However, the relationship between the whole-brain dynamics and the underlying white matter networks in neurodevelopment is largely unknown. In this study, we focused on how the structural connectome shapes the emerging dynamics of cerebral development between the ages of 6 and 33 years, using functional and diffusion magnetic resonance imaging combined into a spatiotemporal connectivity framework. We defined two new measures of brain dynamics, namely the system diversity and the spatiotemporal diversity, which quantify the level of integration/segregation between functional systems and the level of temporal self-similarity of the functional patterns of brain dynamics, respectively. We observed a global increase in system diversity and a global decrease and local refinement in spatiotemporal diversity values with age. In support of these findings, we further found an increase in the usage of long-range and inter-system white matter connectivity and a decrease in the usage of short-range connectivity with age. These findings suggest that dynamic functional patterns in the brain progressively become more integrative and temporally self-similar with age. These functional changes are supported by a greater involvement of long-range and inter-system axonal pathways. AUTHOR SUMMARY Maturation in human development is represented by changes in both functional dynamics and structural connectivity in the human brain. By constructing a spatiotemporal connectome for a cohort of 81 subjects ranging from 6 to 33 years of age, we demonstrate how these changes can be studied in a unified framework. We do so by defining two new measures of brain dynamics, namely the spatiotemporal diversity, mapping the level of temporal self-similarity of the functional patterns of brain dynamics, and system diversity, quantifying the level of integration/segregation between functional systems. These measures, we argue, represent a novel way of looking at brain dynamics constraints by structural connectivity. Using these measures, we show that dynamic functional patterns in the brain progressively become more integrative and temporally self-similar with age.
Dimitri Nestor Alice Van De Ville, Maria Giulia Preti, Enrico Amico, Raphaël Pierre Liégeois, Amir Hossein Omidvarnia
Matthias Wolf, Henry Markram, Kathryn Hess Bellwald, Felix Schürmann, Eilif Benjamin Muller, Srikanth Ramaswamy, Michael Reimann, Daniel Keller, Werner Alfons Hilda Van Geit, James Gonzalo King, Lida Kanari, Pramod Shivaji Kumbhar, Alexis Arnaudon, Ying Shi, Jean-Denis Georges Emile Courcol, Armando Romani, András Ecker, Michael Emiel Gevaert, Cyrille Pierre Henri Favreau, Vishal Sood, Sirio Bolaños Puchet, James Bryden Isbister, Judit Planas Carbonell, Daniela Egas Santander, Christoph Pokorny, Adrien Michel Achille Devresse, Gianluca Ficarelli, Hugo Thabo Dictus, Janis Lazovskis, Juan Bautista Hernando Vieites, Huanxiang Lu, Liesbeth Maria L Vanherpe, Ran Levi, Joni Henrikki Herttuainen, Samuel Lieven D. Lapere, Juan Luis Riquelme Roman, Thomas Brice Delemontex, Nicolas René Jean Ninin, Alexander Dietz, Benoît Jean-Albert Coste