Publication

Transscleral optical phase imaging of the human retina

Abstract

In vivo observation of the human retina at the cellular level is crucial to detect the first signs of retinal diseases and properly treat them. Despite the phenomenal advances in adaptive optics systems, clinical imaging of many retinal cells is still elusive due to the low signal-to-noise ratio induced by transpupillary illumination. We present a transscleral optical phase imaging method, which relies on high-angle oblique illumination of the retina, combined with adaptive optics, to enhance cell contrast. Examination of 11 healthy volunteer eyes, without pupil dilation, shows the ability of this method to produce in vivo images of retinal cells, from the retinal pigment epithelium to the nerve fibre layer. This method also allows the generation of high-resolution label-free ex vivo phase images of flat-mounted retinas. The in vivo images with 4.4 degrees x 4.4 degrees field of view are recorded in less than 10 s, opening new avenues in the exploration of healthy and diseased retinas. Transscleral optical phase imaging, which is based on transscleral flood illumination of the retina, is demonstrated to provide cellular-resolution, label-free, high-contrast images of the retinal layers over a large field of view without the drawback of a long exposure time.

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Related concepts (33)
Retina
The retina (from rete "net"; : retinae or retinas) is the innermost, light-sensitive layer of tissue of the eye of most vertebrates and some molluscs. The optics of the eye create a focused two-dimensional image of the visual world on the retina, which then processes that image within the retina and sends nerve impulses along the optic nerve to the visual cortex to create visual perception. The retina serves a function which is in many ways analogous to that of the film or in a camera.
Retinal detachment
Retinal detachment is a disorder of the eye in which the retina peels away from its underlying layer of support tissue. Initial detachment may be localized, but without rapid treatment the entire retina may detach, leading to vision loss and blindness. It is a surgical emergency. The retina is a thin layer of light-sensitive tissue on the back wall of the eye. The optical system of the eye focuses light on the retina much like light is focused on the film in a camera.
Retinal pigment epithelium
The pigmented layer of retina or retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is the pigmented cell layer just outside the neurosensory retina that nourishes retinal visual cells, and is firmly attached to the underlying choroid and overlying retinal visual cells. The RPE was known in the 18th and 19th centuries as the pigmentum nigrum, referring to the observation that the RPE is dark (black in many animals, brown in humans); and as the tapetum nigrum, referring to the observation that in animals with a tapetum lucidum, in the region of the tapetum lucidum the RPE is not pigmented.
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