Publication
Megapixel time-gated SPAD image sensor for scientific imaging applications
Edoardo Charbon, Claudio Bruschini, Ivan Michel Antolovic, Andrei Ardelean, Ming-Lo Wu, Arin Can Ülkü, Kazuhiro Morimoto
2021
Poster talk
2021
Poster talk
Abstract
We present a 1 megapixel single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) camera featuring 3.8 ns time gating and 24 kfps frame rate for 1-bit images, fabricated in 180 nm CMOS image sensor technology. The SPAD sensor was used to capture 2D and 3D scenes over 2 m with depth resolution of 5.4 mm and precision better than 7.8 mm (rms). We demonstrate extended dynamic range in dual exposure operation mode and show spatially overlapped multi-object detection in single-photon time-gated time-of-flight experiments. We further demonstrate applications of the megapixel SPAD camera for fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) and light-in-flight imaging.
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Related concepts (8)
Fluorescence
Fluorescence is the emission of light by a substance that has absorbed light or other electromagnetic radiation. It is a form of luminescence. In most cases, the emitted light has a longer wavelength, and therefore a lower photon energy, than the absorbed radiation. A perceptible example of fluorescence occurs when the absorbed radiation is in the ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic spectrum (invisible to the human eye), while the emitted light is in the visible region; this gives the fluorescent substance a distinct color that can only be seen when the substance has been exposed to UV light.
Fluorescence in the life sciences
Fluorescence is used in the life sciences generally as a non-destructive way of tracking or analysing biological molecules. Some proteins or small molecules in cells are naturally fluorescent, which is called intrinsic fluorescence or autofluorescence (such as NADH, tryptophan or endogenous chlorophyll, phycoerythrin or green fluorescent protein). Alternatively, specific or general proteins, nucleic acids, lipids or small molecules can be "labelled" with an extrinsic fluorophore, a fluorescent dye which can be a small molecule, protein or quantum dot.
Förster resonance energy transfer
Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), fluorescence resonance energy transfer, resonance energy transfer (RET) or electronic energy transfer (EET) is a mechanism describing energy transfer between two light-sensitive molecules (chromophores). A donor chromophore, initially in its electronic excited state, may transfer energy to an acceptor chromophore through nonradiative dipole–dipole coupling. The efficiency of this energy transfer is inversely proportional to the sixth power of the distance between donor and acceptor, making FRET extremely sensitive to small changes in distance.
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