Two novel cogeneration charging stations for electric vehicles: Energy, exergy, economic, environment, and dynamic characterizations

This paper suggests two novel designs for the electric vehicle charging stations using LiMn2O4 Lithium-ion battery and based on a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) and absorption refrigeration cycle (ARC) technologies to provide electricity and cooling, respectively. The study is supported by the energy, exergy, exergoeconomic, dynamic, and life-cycle assessments. In both scenarios, results of the thermodynamic analysis revealed that the system can provide 294.73 kWh power and 117.79 kWh cooling capacity at the fuel utilization (FU) of 0.85 and SOFC current density of 0.75 A/cm2. After performing the life-cycle and exergoeconomic characterizations, artificial neural network (ANN) modeling was used to predict the performance of the system in 161,001 different values of the SOFC current density and FU. Using the developed ANN models, the Performance Evaluation Parameter (PEP) was defined to optimize the system considering energetic, exergetic, economic, and environ-mental aspects. Results indicated that PEP will have the highest value of 4.26 at the SOFC current density of 0.753 A/cm2 and the FU of 0.787 to reach the global warming (GW) of 1.48 (kg CO2 eq)/Wh, cost of 0.247 ($/kWh), output power of 338.75 kW, cooling capacity of 151 kW, energy efficiency of 75.0 %, and exergy efficiency of 51.68 %.