Publication

La cogénération : une contribution au développement durable

Abstract

La cogénération se définit comme un système très efficace qui produit simultanément de l’électricité (ou de la puissance mécanique) et de la chaleur à partir d’un seul combustible (“combined heat and power”, CHP en anglais). En d’autres termes, l’utilisateur génère à la fois de la puissance et une chaleur exploitable dans nombre de procédés industriels. Plutôt que d’être rejetée dans l’atmosphère, la chaleur devient ainsi source d’énergie avec des avantages économiques et environnementaux majeurs. Car si l’efficacité d’un système de conversion conventionnel est en général inférieure à 35%, un système de cogénération peut quant à lui atteindre 80% . Les émissions de gaz à effet de serre, tout comme la dépendance en matière d’approvisionnement s’en trouve réduite d’autant. Lorsque ces unités décentralisées sont de surcroît alimentées par du biogaz, les bénéfices environnementaux s’accroissent encore. Après la mise en oeuvre des premières installations dans les années septante, les réalisations se sont surtout étendues à la fin des années quatre-vingt et au début des années nonante. Elles reviennent en force actuellement car, pour les pays soucieux de respecter le protocole de Kyoto et les récents accords de Marrakech, un plus large recours à des centrales chaleur-force apporterait une solution permettant une diminution marquée des émissions de CO2 et d’autres polluants.

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