A process for increasing the fastness to light, the fluorescence polarisation and fluorescence quantum yield of cyanine dyes, which process comprises stabilising cyanine dyes with the aid of micellar structures of a) surfactants and/or b) surfactant crown ether complexes of monovalent of divalent transition metal cations, or c) mixtures of surfactants, in each case in combination with non-surfactant, nitrogen-containing or nitrogen- and oxygen-containing 16- to 18-membered crown ether complexes of monovalent or divalent transition metal cations.
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Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), fluorescence resonance energy transfer, resonance energy transfer (RET) or electronic energy transfer (EET) is a mechanism describing energy transfer between two light-sensitive molecules (chromophores). A donor chromophore, initially in its electronic excited state, may transfer energy to an acceptor chromophore through nonradiative dipole–dipole coupling. The efficiency of this energy transfer is inversely proportional to the sixth power of the distance between donor and acceptor, making FRET extremely sensitive to small changes in distance.
A fluorophore (or fluorochrome, similarly to a chromophore) is a fluorescent chemical compound that can re-emit light upon light excitation. Fluorophores typically contain several combined aromatic groups, or planar or cyclic molecules with several π bonds. Fluorophores are sometimes used alone, as a tracer in fluids, as a dye for staining of certain structures, as a substrate of enzymes, or as a probe or indicator (when its fluorescence is affected by environmental aspects such as polarity or ions).
Surfactants are chemical compounds that decrease the surface tension or interfacial tension between two liquids, a liquid and a gas, or a liquid and a solid. Surfactants may function as emulsifiers, wetting agents, detergents, foaming agents, or dispersants. The word "surfactant" is a blend of surface-active agent, coined 1950. Surfactants are usually organic compounds that are akin to amphiphilic, which means that this molecule, being as double-agent, each contains a hydrophilic "water-seeking" group (the head), and a hydrophobic "water-avoiding" group (the tail).
The design of simple and versatile synthetic routes to accomplish triggered-release properties in carriers is of particular interest for drug delivery purposes. In this context, the programmability and adaptability of DNA nanoarchitectures in combination w ...
Sensitized triplet-triplet annihilation-based photon upconversion is a photo-physical process that affords anti-Stokes-shifted emission after annihilation of two metastable triplet excitons of an emitter dye and the formation of a fluorescent singlet state ...