Antiferromagnetic order induced by an applied magnetic field in a high-temperature superconductor

One view of the high-transition-temperature (high-T-c) copper oxide superconductors is that they are conventional superconductors where the pairing occurs between weakly interacting quasi-particles (corresponding to the electrons in ordinary metals), although the theory has to be pushed to its limit(1). An alternative view is that the electrons organize into collective textures (for example, charge and spin stripes) which cannot be 'mapped' onto the electrons in ordinary metals. Understanding the properties of the material would then need quantum field theories of objects such as textures and strings, rather than point-like electrons(2-6). In an external magnetic field, magnetic flux penetrates type II superconductors via vortices, each carrying one flux quantum(7). The vortices form lattices of resistive material embedded in the non-resistive superconductor, and can reveal the nature of the ground state-for example, a conventional metal or an ordered, striped phase-which would have appeared had superconductivity not intervened, and which provides the best starting point for a pairing theory. Here we report that for one high-T-c superconductor, the applied field that imposes the vortex lattice also induces 'striped' antiferromagnetic order. Ordinary quasiparticle models can account for neither the strength of the order nor the nearly field-independent antiferromagnetic transition temperature observed in our measurements.

Thermopower as a Unique Tool to Probe Quantum Phase Transitions

Stevan Arsenijevic

In my thesis, transport measurements such as resistivity and, more importantly, thermopower S, were used to explore the phase diagram of bad metals. Bad metals are electronically correlated systems whose ground state lies close to a quantum phase transition. By tuning the control parameters, such as temperature (T ), magnetic field (B), hydrostatic pressure (p) or chemical substitution (x), we can induce phase transitions between the various electronic, magnetic and structural phases. Here, the thermopower is presented as a unique tool for probing quantum phase transition because it is a measure of the entropy of conducting electrons. The main part of the thesis is dedicated to the study of Fe-based superconductors (FeSC) discovered in 2008. Their parent compound has an antiferromagnetic (AF) ground state, where the itinerant electrons form a spin-density wave (SDW), a periodic modulation of spin density. This coincides or is preceded by a structural, tetragonal-to-orthorhombic transition. The nesting between the electron and hole Fermi surface is believed to be the driving mechanism for the SDW state. By changing the structural or chemical properties the AF ground state of FeSC is suppressed, giving way to superconductivity (SC). The remaining antiferromagnetic fluctuations above the transition can provide a glue for SC pairing. Here, the analysis of the thermopower S/T of BaFe1−xCoxAs2 (BFCA) in the x-T phase diagram shows the signatures of the spin fluctuation which have a dome-like dependence and follow the trend of superconducting Tc . The logarithmic increase of S/T upon decreasing T is ascribed to the proximity of the spin-density-wave quantum critical point. It can be understood as an increase of entropy due to the incommensurate AF spin fluctuations. We can ascribe the high values of thermopower in BFCA at intermediate- and room-temperatures to the influence of low-T quantum criticality. To probe the response of the electronic system in FeSC to structural changes, we performed measurements under pressure of the parent compound BaFe2As2 (BFA), the SC electron-doped BFCA, and hole-doped Ba1−xKxFe2As2 (BKFA). In the parent compound pressure suppresses the structural/SDW transition, similar to the effect of doping. For doped systems, in order to describe the behavior of thermopower in the high-T range (above 100K) we used a semi-metallic two-band model which was fitted to the data in order to extract the pressure dependence of the band parameters. In both doping cases the effect of pressure was similar, an increase of the band overlap and of the effective number of charge carriers. With this model we can explain the high-T , x and p dependence of thermopower in both electron- and hole-doped BFA. In a structurally simpler Fe-chalcogenide Fe1+yTe1−xSex compound, the excess of Fe has a Kondo-like influence on the charge carriers which dramatically changes the physics of the normal state. To probe the normal state, pressure, doping, magnetic Fe-excess concentration (y) and temperature were used as control parameters. At low-T a characteristic upturn of resistivity (ρmag ) is observed, followed by an increase of thermopower (Smag ), which we identify as the magnetic contribution caused by the spin-flip scattering events. Increasing the y resulted in an increase of ρmag , and a decrease of Smag , which is in agreement with the behavior of canonical Kondo-systems. Pressure suppresses the magnetic contribution to transport, thus increasing the itinerancy of the system. MnSi is another system in which the sensitivity of thermopower to entropy brings new information related to the complex magnetic structure. Pressure was used to drive the system from a helically ordered, canonical Fermi-liquid (FL) phase with T 2-resistivity to the intrinsically disordered, non-Fermi-liquid (NFL) phase above pc with T3/2-dependence. Our contour plot of S/T demonstrated how powerful the thermopower technique is, by reproducing the whole previously established T -p phase diagram. At the phase transition from the magnetically-ordered FL phase to the disordered NFL, the thermopower is dramatically enhanced. We bring useful information about the mysterious partial order (PO) phase inside the NFL phase, previously detected only by neutron scattering. The fluctuating helices scenario can describe the observed increase of entropy/thermopower in the PO phase. At ambient pressure, close to the helical transition of MnSi, a moderate magnetic field can stabilize the skyrmion lattice - the lattice of topological magnetic whirls, vortices. We observe a signature of the skyrmion lattice as a minute drop in thermopower. It is located exactly in the same region of the T − B phase diagram where an increase in magnetoresistance and Hall effect was reported previously. This feature originates from the additional scattering of conducting electrons on magnetic vortices, while the change in S is dominated by the decrease of entropy as the stable skyrmion lattice is formed. Overall, resistivity was used to confirm the established phase diagram, while thermopower, as an interesting and not sufficiently understood technique, was used to probe the sensitive changes of the charge carriers at the Fermi surface. We explored various phases showing how useful thermopower is to probe the entropy of electronic system on the verge of quantum phase transition.

EPFL2012

Three-dimensionality of field-induced magnetism in a high-temperature superconductor

Henrik Moodysson Rønnow

Many physical properties of high-temperature superconductors are two-dimensional phenomena derived from their square-planar CuO2 building blocks. This is especially true of the magnetism from the copper ions. As mobile charge carriers enter the CuO2 layers, the antiferromagnetism of the parent insulators, where each copper spin is antiparallel to its nearest neighbours(1), evolves into a fluctuating state where the spins show tendencies towards magnetic order of a longer periodicity. For certain charge-carrier densities, quantum fluctuations are sufficiently suppressed to yield static long-period order(2-6), and external magnetic fields also induce such order(7-12). Here we show that, in contrast to the chemically controlled order in superconducting samples, the field-induced order in these same samples is actually three-dimensional, implying significant magnetic linkage between the CuO2 planes. The results are important because they show that there are three-dimensional magnetic couplings that survive into the superconducting state, and coexist with the crucial inter-layer couplings responsible for three-dimensional superconductivity. Both types of coupling will straighten the vortex lines, implying that we have finally established a direct link between technical superconductivity, which requires zero electrical resistance in an applied magnetic field and depends on vortex dynamics and the underlying antiferromagnetism of the cuprates.

2005

Thermopower as a Unique Tool to Probe Quantum Phase Transitions

Stevan Arsenijevic

EPFL2012