Substitution sensorielleLa substitution sensorielle est une technologie visant à compenser un handicap perceptif par l'intermédiaire d'un dispositif électronique et informatique de substituer un sens à un autre. Autrement dit, l'opération de substitution sensorielle consiste à transmettre par un canal sensoriel fonctionnel un code concernant habituellement une autre modalité sensorielle.Plus concrètement, il s'agit de permettre l'accès à une information et à une phénoménologie propre à une modalité perceptive par la voie d'organes sensoriels non spécifiques à cette modalité.
Physical neural networkA physical neural network is a type of artificial neural network in which an electrically adjustable material is used to emulate the function of a neural synapse or a higher-order (dendritic) neuron model. "Physical" neural network is used to emphasize the reliance on physical hardware used to emulate neurons as opposed to software-based approaches. More generally the term is applicable to other artificial neural networks in which a memristor or other electrically adjustable resistance material is used to emulate a neural synapse.
Modèle de KuramotoLe modèle de Kuramoto, proposé pour la première fois par Yoshiki Kuramoto (蔵本 由紀 Kuramoto Yoshiki), est un modèle mathématique utilisé pour décrire la synchronisation au sein des systèmes complexes. Plus précisément, il s'agit d'un modèle pour le comportement d'un grand nombre d'oscillateurs couplés. Sa formulation a été motivée par le comportement des oscillateurs dans les systèmes chimiques et biologiques, et il a trouvé de nombreuses applications dans les neurosciences ou les oscillations dynamiques de la propagation d'une flamme par exemple.
Neural decodingNeural decoding is a neuroscience field concerned with the hypothetical reconstruction of sensory and other stimuli from information that has already been encoded and represented in the brain by networks of neurons. Reconstruction refers to the ability of the researcher to predict what sensory stimuli the subject is receiving based purely on neuron action potentials. Therefore, the main goal of neural decoding is to characterize how the electrical activity of neurons elicit activity and responses in the brain.
Cognitive computingCognitive computing refers to technology platforms that, broadly speaking, are based on the scientific disciplines of artificial intelligence and signal processing. These platforms encompass machine learning, reasoning, natural language processing, speech recognition and vision (object recognition), human–computer interaction, dialog and narrative generation, among other technologies. At present, there is no widely agreed upon definition for cognitive computing in either academia or industry.
BurstingBursting, or burst firing, is an extremely diverse general phenomenon of the activation patterns of neurons in the central nervous system and spinal cord where periods of rapid action potential spiking are followed by quiescent periods much longer than typical inter-spike intervals. Bursting is thought to be important in the operation of robust central pattern generators, the transmission of neural codes, and some neuropathologies such as epilepsy.
Neurophysiologie cliniqueLa neurophysiologie clinique est l'application de l'électrophysiologie à la neurologie, c'est-à-dire la spécialité médicale consacrée à l'étude du système nerveux par l'enregistrement de son activité bioélectrique, qu'elle soit spontanée ou déclenchée par des stimulations. Elle comporte à la fois des activités de recherche concernant la physiopathologie des maladies neurologiques (on parle alors de neurophysiologie expérimentale) et diverses applications adaptées au diagnostic des affections du système nerveux central ou périphérique (on parle alors souvent, dans le monde francophone, d'explorations fonctionnelles du système nerveux).
EEG analysisEEG analysis is exploiting mathematical signal analysis methods and computer technology to extract information from electroencephalography (EEG) signals. The targets of EEG analysis are to help researchers gain a better understanding of the brain; assist physicians in diagnosis and treatment choices; and to boost brain-computer interface (BCI) technology. There are many ways to roughly categorize EEG analysis methods. If a mathematical model is exploited to fit the sampled EEG signals, the method can be categorized as parametric, otherwise, it is a non-parametric method.
Voxel-based morphometryVoxel-based morphometry is a computational approach to neuroanatomy that measures differences in local concentrations of brain tissue, through a voxel-wise comparison of multiple brain images. In traditional morphometry, volume of the whole brain or its subparts is measured by drawing regions of interest (ROIs) on images from brain scanning and calculating the volume enclosed. However, this is time consuming and can only provide measures of rather large areas. Smaller differences in volume may be overlooked.
NeuroscientistA neuroscientist (or neurobiologist) is a scientist who has specialised knowledge in neuroscience, a branch of biology that deals with the physiology, biochemistry, psychology, anatomy and molecular biology of neurons, neural circuits, and glial cells and especially their behavioral, biological, and psychological aspect in health and disease. Neuroscientists generally work as researchers within a college, university, government agency, or private industry setting.
