Nicolas RichartI graduated as an engineer in computer science in 2005 at the Ecole National Superieur en Electronique Informatique et Radiocomunication de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB). My degree is colored by an option od High Performance Computing (HPC). Then I made my thesis at LaBRI/INRIA Bordeaux in the ScalApplix/HiePACS team, on the in-situ steering of coupled parallel numerical simulations. I graduated as a Ph D. of computer science of the Universite de Bordeaux 1 in 2010. Since then I am working at EPFL in the Laboratoire de Simulations en Mechanique des Solides (LSMS) as a scientific collaborator.
Yves PedrazziniDétenteur d'un doctorat ès sciences (section architecture) et d'une licence en sociologie, Yves Pedrazzini est Maître d'Enseignement et de Recherche (MER / Senior Scientist) au Laboratoire de sociologie urbaine (LASUR) et chargé de cours de la section d'architecture de l'Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne. Depuis plus de 30 ans, il analyse les dynamiques urbaines, les pratiques spatiales, les cultures urbaines -dont le hip hop et les sports de rue tel que le basket de playground et le skateboard-, les phénomènes de violence et d'insécurité, dans les pays du Sud et du Nord. Dès 1987, il mène des recherches ethnographiques sur les mutations des grandes villes dAmérique latine, plus spécialement les gangs de jeunes des bidonvilles de Caracas, Bogota ou San Salvador. A cette fin, il a développé des méthodes qualitatives novatrices, s'inspirant des recherches-actions participatives qui situent l'acteur social au centre du dispositif d'observation. En 1994, Yves Pedrazzini obtient le titre de docteur ès sciences de l'EPFL. A partir de 1997, il ajoute à son expérience urbaine latino-américaine (Brésil, Bolivie, Colombie, Cuba, El Salvador, Mexique, Venezuela) une nouvelle expertise africaine (Sénégal, Ethiopie), puis l'Asie (Pakistan, Népal, Inde...) et la Chine, à partir de 2000, enfin la Palestine, le Liban... Depuis lors, Yves Pedrazzini dirige des projets de recherche internationale en partenariat avec des chercheurs (latino-)américains et africains. Il a publié de nombreux livres et articles sur les thématiques urbaines, notamment les violences urbaines et les cultures de rue, d'un point de vue théorique et méthodologique. A partir de cette expérience de terrain, il a entrepris la relation d'une "histoire secrète" de l'urbanisme, celle des bidonvilles, des résistances d'habitants ordinaires à la violence de l'urbanisation et de la planification urbaine, l'urbanisme des barricades contre celui d'Haussmann. Cette histoire est aussi celle des mémoires collectives populaire, résistant à leur effacement. S'en est suivi dès 2015, la création du collectif d'urbanistes "ARCHITECTURE & RÉSISTANCE", en Espagne, Suisse et Venezuela. Enfin, en essayant d'assembler les enseignements de tous ces projets, Pedrazzini mène un projet sans fin d'identification de la nouvelle matière sociale et spatiale de la ville contemporaine, une narration qu'il désigne désormais sous le nom de PUNKSPACE.
Luca Giovanni PattaroniSuite à une formation en Relations Internationales (Institut des Hautes Etudes Internationales, Genève) et un DEA en sciences sociales (Ecole Normale Supérieure de Paris/Ulm), Luca Pattaroni a soutenu une thèse de sociologie en cotutelle (Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris/ Université de Genève) sous la direction de Laurent Thévenot (EHESS) et Jean Kellerhals (Université de Genève). Après avoir occupé durant 5 ans un poste d'assistant à la Faculté de Droit (Université de Genève), il a été visiting scholar à lUniversité de Columbia (New York). Il travaille désormais au Laboratoire de Sociologie Urbaine (EPFL) et est associé au Groupe de Sociologie Politique et Morale de l'Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (GSPM/EHESS). En 2011, il a été Professeur invité à l'Université Fédérale de Fluminense (Brésil). Ses recherches et publications portent sur les politiques urbaines et culturelles, l’habitat, les mouvements sociaux, les rythmes urbains et les grandes manifestation, l’évolution des modes de vie ainsi que, plus largement les enjeux du commun dans les villes contemporaines. Spécialiste des méthodes mixtes ainsi que de théorie sociologique et politique, il cherche à articuler une analyse fine du pluralisme des modes de vie et un questionnement sur les enjeux politiques et moraux de la composition dun monde commun.
Henry MarkramHenry Markram started a dual scientific and medical career at the University of Cape Town, in South Africa. His scientific work in the 80s revealed the polymodal receptive fields of pontomedullary reticular formation neurons in vivo and how acetylcholine re-organized these sensory maps.
He moved to Israel in 1988 and obtained his PhD at the Weizmann Institute where he discovered a link between acetylcholine and memory mechanisms by being the first to show that acetylcholine modulates the NMDA receptor in vitro studies, and thereby gates which synapses can undergo synaptic plasticity. He was also the first to characterize the electrical and anatomical properties of the cholinergic neurons in the medial septum diagonal band.
He carried out a first postdoctoral study as a Fulbright Scholar at the NIH, on the biophysics of ion channels on synaptic vesicles using sub-fractionation methods to isolate synaptic vesicles and patch-clamp recordings to characterize the ion channels. He carried out a second postdoctoral study at the Max Planck Institute, as a Minerva Fellow, where he discovered that individual action potentials propagating back into dendrites also cause pulsed influx of Ca2 into the dendrites and found that sub-threshold activity could also activated a low threshold Ca2 channel. He developed a model to show how different types of electrical activities can divert Ca2 to activate different intracellular targets depending on the speed of Ca2 influx an insight that helps explain how Ca2 acts as a universal second messenger. His most well known discovery is that of the millisecond watershed to judge the relevance of communication between neurons marked by the back-propagating action potential. This phenomenon is now called Spike Timing Dependent Plasticity (STDP), which many laboratories around the world have subsequently found in multiple brain regions and many theoreticians have incorporated as a learning rule. At the Max-Planck he also started exploring the micro-anatomical and physiological principles of the different neurons of the neocortex and of the mono-synaptic connections that they form - the first step towards a systematic reverse engineering of the neocortical microcircuitry to derive the blue prints of the cortical column in a manner that would allow computer model reconstruction.
He received a tenure track position at the Weizmann Institute where he continued the reverse engineering studies and also discovered a number of core principles of the structural and functional organization such as differential signaling onto different neurons, models of dynamic synapses with Misha Tsodyks, the computational functions of dynamic synapses, and how GABAergic neurons map onto interneurons and pyramidal neurons. A major contribution during this period was his discovery of Redistribution of Synaptic Efficacy (RSE), where he showed that co-activation of neurons does not only alter synaptic strength, but also the dynamics of transmission. At the Weizmann, he also found the tabula rasa principle which governs the random structural connectivity between pyramidal neurons and a non-random functional connectivity due to target selection. Markram also developed a novel computation framework with Wolfgang Maass to account for the impact of multiple time constants in neurons and synapses on information processing called liquid computing or high entropy computing.
In 2002, he was appointed Full professor at the EPFL where he founded and directed the Brain Mind Institute. During this time Markram continued his reverse engineering approaches and developed a series of new technologies to allow large-scale multi-neuron patch-clamp studies. Markrams lab discovered a novel microcircuit plasticity phenomenon where connections are formed and eliminated in a Darwinian manner as apposed to where synapses are strengthening or weakened as found for LTP. This was the first demonstration that neural circuits are constantly being re-wired and excitation can boost the rate of re-wiring.
At the EPFL he also completed the much of the reverse engineering studies on the neocortical microcircuitry, revealing deeper insight into the circuit design and built databases of the blue-print of the cortical column. In 2005 he used these databases to launched the Blue Brain Project. The BBP used IBMs most advanced supercomputers to reconstruct a detailed computer model of the neocortical column composed of 10000 neurons, more than 340 different types of neurons distributed according to a layer-based recipe of composition and interconnected with 30 million synapses (6 different types) according to synaptic mapping recipes. The Blue Brain team built dozens of applications that now allow automated reconstruction, simulation, visualization, analysis and calibration of detailed microcircuits. This Proof of Concept completed, Markrams lab has now set the agenda towards whole brain and molecular modeling.
With an in depth understanding of the neocortical microcircuit, Markram set a path to determine how the neocortex changes in Autism. He found hyper-reactivity due to hyper-connectivity in the circuitry and hyper-plasticity due to hyper-NMDA expression. Similar findings in the Amygdala together with behavioral evidence that the animal model of autism expressed hyper-fear led to the novel theory of Autism called the Intense World Syndrome proposed by Henry and Kamila Markram. The Intense World Syndrome claims that the brain of an Autist is hyper-sensitive and hyper-plastic which renders the world painfully intense and the brain overly autonomous. The theory is acquiring rapid recognition and many new studies have extended the findings to other brain regions and to other models of autism.
Markram aims to eventually build detailed computer models of brains of mammals to pioneer simulation-based research in the neuroscience which could serve to aggregate, integrate, unify and validate our knowledge of the brain and to use such a facility as a new tool to explore the emergence of intelligence and higher cognitive functions in the brain, and explore hypotheses of diseases as well as treatments.
