Fungivignette|La présence de sporophores en console du Polypore amadouvier sur le volis et la chandelle d'un hêtre montre que ce dernier a été attaqué par ce champignon nécrotrophe lignicole à l'origine de la pourriture blanche qui creuse le cœur de l'arbre qu'il parasite en le faisant mourir d'épuisement. La poursuite du développement de ce macromycète sur le volis entraîne une modification rapide de l'orientation de la « fructification » en croissance, afin de pouvoir projeter les spores fongiques dans les conditions optimales.
ElectroblottingElectroblotting is a method in molecular biology/biochemistry/immunogenetics to transfer proteins or nucleic acids onto a membrane by using PVDF or nitrocellulose, after gel electrophoresis. The protein or nucleic acid can then be further analyzed using probes such as specific antibodies, ligands like lectins, or stains. This method can be used with all polyacrylamide and agarose gels. An alternative technique for transferring proteins from a gel is capillary blotting. This technique was patented in 1989 by William J.
HybridomeUn hybridome est une cellule provenant de l'hybridation artificielle de cellules lymphoïdes normales de mammifères et de cellules myélomateuses de tumeurs malignes du système immunitaire. L' hybridome cumule les propriétés des deux cellules de départ : production spécifique d'anticorps pour le lymphocyte et immortalité pour la cellule cancéreuse. Les hybridomes donnent des lignées immortalisées stables productrices d'anticorps monoclonaux.
Artificial gene synthesisArtificial gene synthesis, or simply gene synthesis, refers to a group of methods that are used in synthetic biology to construct and assemble genes from nucleotides de novo. Unlike DNA synthesis in living cells, artificial gene synthesis does not require template DNA, allowing virtually any DNA sequence to be synthesized in the laboratory. It comprises two main steps, the first of which is solid-phase DNA synthesis, sometimes known as DNA printing. This produces oligonucleotide fragments that are generally under 200 base pairs.
Genetically modified plantGenetically modified plants have been engineered for scientific research, to create new colours in plants, deliver vaccines, and to create enhanced crops. Plant genomes can be engineered by physical methods or by use of Agrobacterium for the delivery of sequences hosted in T-DNA binary vectors. Many plant cells are pluripotent, meaning that a single cell from a mature plant can be harvested and then under the right conditions form a new plant.
Tumor antigenTumor antigen is an antigenic substance produced in tumor cells, i.e., it triggers an immune response in the host. Tumor antigens are useful tumor markers in identifying tumor cells with diagnostic tests and are potential candidates for use in cancer therapy. The field of cancer immunology studies such topics. Normal proteins in the body are not antigenic because of self-tolerance, a process in which self-reacting cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and autoantibody-producing B lymphocytes are culled "centrally" in primary lymphatic tissue (BM) and "peripherally" in secondary lymphatic tissue (mostly thymus for T-cells and spleen/lymph nodes for B cells).
Privilège immunLe privilège immun, appelé aussi immunoprivilège, est un terme introduit en 1948 par Peter Medawar et utilisé pour désigner certains sites de l'organisme qui sont capables de tolérer l'introduction d'antigènes sans provoquer une réponse immunitaire inflammatoire. Les greffes de tissu sont généralement reconnues comme des antigènes par l'organisme et sont donc attaquées par le système immunitaire; elles peuvent cependant survivre plus longtemps sans rejet dans les sites de privilège immun.
Cancer immunologyCancer immunology is an interdisciplinary branch of biology that is concerned with understanding the role of the immune system in the progression and development of cancer; the most well known application is cancer immunotherapy, which utilises the immune system as a treatment for cancer. Cancer immunosurveillance and immunoediting are based on protection against development of tumors in animal systems and (ii) identification of targets for immune recognition of human cancer.
DNA constructA DNA construct is an artificially-designed segment of DNA borne on a vector that can be used to incorporate genetic material into a target tissue or cell. A DNA construct contains a DNA insert, called a transgene, delivered via a transformation vector which allows the insert sequence to be replicated and/or expressed in the target cell. This gene can be cloned from a naturally occurring gene, or synthetically constructed. The vector can be delivered using physical, chemical or viral methods.
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytesTumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) are white blood cells that have left the bloodstream and migrated towards a tumor. They include T cells and B cells and are part of the larger category of ‘tumor-infiltrating immune cells’ which consist of both mononuclear and polymorphonuclear immune cells, (i.e., T cells, B cells, natural killer cells, macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, etc.) in variable proportions. Their abundance varies with tumor type and stage and in some cases relates to disease prognosis.
