TortuosityTortuosity is widely used as a critical parameter to predict transport properties of porous media, such as rocks and soils. But unlike other standard microstructural properties, the concept of tortuosity is vague with multiple definitions and various evaluation methods introduced in different contexts. Hydraulic, electrical, diffusional, and thermal tortuosities are defined to describe different transport processes in porous media, while geometrical tortuosity is introduced to characterize the morphological property of porous microstructures.
Effective porosityEffective porosity is most commonly considered to represent the porosity of a rock or sediment available to contribute to fluid flow through the rock or sediment, or often in terms of "flow to a borehole". Porosity that is not considered "effective porosity" includes water bound to clay particles (known as bound water) and isolated "vuggy" porosity (vugs not connected to other pores). The effective porosity is of great importance in considering the suitability of rocks or sediments as oil or gas reservoirs, or as aquifers.
Loi de DarcyLa loi de Darcy est une loi physique qui exprime le débit d'un fluide incompressible filtrant au travers d'un milieu poreux. La circulation de ce fluide entre deux points est déterminée par la conductivité hydraulique ou le coefficient de perméabilité du substrat et par le gradient de pression du fluide. Dans le cas d'un cours d'eau ou d'un réservoir alimentant une nappe, ce gradient est lié à la hauteur de l'eau. Cette loi a été établie en 1856 par Henry Darcy, après qu'il eut réalisé diverses expérimentations visant à déterminer les lois régissant .
Porous mediumIn materials science, a porous medium or a porous material is a material containing pores (voids). The skeletal portion of the material is often called the "matrix" or "frame". The pores are typically filled with a fluid (liquid or gas). The skeletal material is usually a solid, but structures like foams are often also usefully analyzed using concept of porous media. A porous medium is most often characterised by its porosity. Other properties of the medium (e.g.
Puits artésienvignette|Aquifère artésien. Un puits artésien (du nom de Lillers-en-Artois) est une exsurgence captant l'eau d'une nappe captive et qui forme un puits où l'eau jaillit spontanément ou non. Il se distingue de la source artésienne, source jaillissant sous pression à travers une fissure, alimentée par l'eau de cette nappe quand le point d'émergence se trouve à une altitude inférieure à celle du niveau hydrostatique de la nappe. Le puits peut également être artificiel (forage).
OasificationIn hydrology, oasification is the antonym to desertification by soil erosion. This technique has limited application and is normally considered for much smaller areas than those threatened by desertification. To help the oasification process, engineers aim to develop a thriving dense woody plant cover to redress the hydrological, edaphic and botanical degradation affecting a slope. This is done through appropriate soil preparation and the introduction of suitable plant species.
