Branches of lawThe following is a list of major areas of legal practice and important legal subject-matters. From, one of the five capital lawyers in Roman Law, Domitius Ulpianus, (170–223) – who differentiated ius publicum versus ius privatum – the European, more exactly the continental law, philosophers and thinkers want(ed) to put each branch of law into this dichotomy: Public and Private Law. “huius studdii duæ sunt positiones: publicum et privatum.
UrbanismUrbanism is the study of how inhabitants of urban areas, such as towns and cities, interact with the built environment. It is a direct component of disciplines such as urban planning, a profession focusing on the design and management of urban areas, and urban sociology, an academic field which studies urban life. Many architects, planners, geographers, and sociologists investigate the way people live in densely populated urban areas. There is a wide variety of different theories and approaches to the study of urbanism.
Environmental policyEnvironmental policy is the commitment of an organization or government to the laws, regulations, and other policy mechanisms concerning environmental issues. These issues generally include air and water pollution, waste management, ecosystem management, maintenance of biodiversity, the management of natural resources, wildlife and endangered species. For example, concerning environmental policy, the implementation of an eco-energy-oriented policy at a global level to address the issues of global warming and climate changes could be addressed.
Biologie de la conservationLa biologie de la conservation (ou écologie de la conservation) est une discipline traitant des questions de perte, maintien ou restauration de biodiversité. Robert Barbault la présente comme une discipline de gestion de crise ; elle vise à identifier les populations en déclin ou relictuelles et les espèces en danger, pour en déterminer les causes de leur déclin, proposer, tester et valider des moyens de remédier à ce déclin (éventuellement provisoirement ex situ).
Théorie sociologiqueLes théories sociologiques tentent d'expliquer les phénomènes et comportements sociaux. Parmi elles, deux points de vue sont souvent opposés : le paradigme holistique ou structuraliste d'Émile Durkheim et le paradigme de l'action individuelle défini par Max Weber. Néanmoins, cette distinction est devenue trop caricaturale et ne permet pas de rendre compte de l'ensemble des paradigmes sociologiques. Établir une typologie des paradigmes sociologiques est une tâche compliquée voire impossible en tant que la sociologie comporte un nombre important de théories qu'il s'agit ici de classer en un nombre restreint.
Applied sociologyPublic sociology is a subfield of the wider sociological discipline that emphasizes expanding the disciplinary boundaries of sociology in order to engage with non-academic audiences. It is perhaps best understood as a style of sociology rather than a particular method, theory, or set of political values. Since the twenty-first century, the term has been widely associated with University of California, Berkeley sociologist Michael Burawoy, who delivered an impassioned call for a disciplinary embrace of public sociology in his 2004 American Sociological Association (ASA) presidential address.
Basic psychologySome of the research that is conducted in the field of psychology is more "fundamental" than the research conducted in the applied psychological disciplines, and does not necessarily have a direct application. The subdisciplines within psychology that can be thought to reflect a basic-science orientation include biological psychology, cognitive psychology, neuropsychology, and so on. Research in these subdisciplines is characterized by methodological rigor.
Infectious diseasesAn infection is the invasion of tissues by pathogens, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agent and the toxins they produce. An infectious disease, also known as a transmissible disease or communicable disease, is an illness resulting from an infection. Infections can be caused by a wide range of pathogens, most prominently bacteria and viruses. Hosts can fight infections using their immune systems. Mammalian hosts react to infections with an innate response, often involving inflammation, followed by an adaptive response.
EthnographieL’ethnographie est une pratique du domaine des sciences sociales qui a pour but d'étudier sur le terrain la culture et le mode de vie de peuples, communautés, sociétés, ou autres types de groupes sociaux. Elle est aujourd'hui autant utilisée en anthropologie qu'en sociologie ou en gestion selon que l'objet d'étude porte davantage sur les différentes cultures chez les êtres humains, la société, ou l'économie et les ressources humaines.
Études sur l'environnementvignette|«La bille bleue» : Photo de l'Afrique, de l'Antarctique et de la péninsule Arabique prise en route pour la lune par Harrison Schmitt ou Ron Evans lors de la mission Apollo 17 le 7 décembre 1972 Les études sur l'environnement, sciences de l'environnement ou sciences environnementales sont une rencontre de disciplines incluant la politique, la sociologie, l'économie, l'écologie, les sciences de la Terre, la géographie, la géologie, la climatologie, la médecine, etc. autour de problématiques environnementales communes .
