NeuroscientistA neuroscientist (or neurobiologist) is a scientist who has specialised knowledge in neuroscience, a branch of biology that deals with the physiology, biochemistry, psychology, anatomy and molecular biology of neurons, neural circuits, and glial cells and especially their behavioral, biological, and psychological aspect in health and disease. Neuroscientists generally work as researchers within a college, university, government agency, or private industry setting.
DistractionUne distraction peut désigner un divertissement ou une déviation de l'attention chez un individu. Une distraction est, en matière de comportement, une expérience dans laquelle un individu s'investit ou se comporte de manière relativement inhabituelle. Ce caractère inhabituel est son principal attrait et à la base de la motivation, juste devant sa charge hédonique donc en matière de plaisir.
Zone sous-ventriculaireThe subventricular zone (SVZ) is a region situated on the outside wall of each lateral ventricle of the vertebrate brain. It is present in both the embryonic and adult brain. In embryonic life, the SVZ refers to a secondary proliferative zone containing neural progenitor cells, which divide to produce neurons in the process of neurogenesis. The primary neural stem cells of the brain and spinal cord, termed radial glial cells, instead reside in the ventricular zone (VZ) (so-called because the VZ lines the inside of the developing ventricles).
MIT PressMIT Press (pouvant se traduire en français par « presses du MIT ») est une maison d'édition universitaire américaine affiliée au Massachusetts Institute of Technology à Cambridge, Massachusetts. Les origines de MIT Press remontent à 1926, lorsque le MIT a publié sous son nom une série de conférences données par un physicien allemand en visite, Max Born, sous le titre Problems of Atomic Dynamics. Six ans plus tard, les activités d'édition du MIT furent formalisées par la création d'un appelé Technology Press, fondé par James R.
Intercellular communicationIntercellular communication refers to the various ways and structures that biological cells use to communicate with each other directly or through their environment. Different types of cells use different proteins and mechanisms to communicate with one another using extracellular signalling molecules. Components of each type of intercellular communication may be involved in more than one type of communication making attempts at clearly separating the types of communication listed somewhat futile.
Pattern recognition (psychology)In psychology and cognitive neuroscience, pattern recognition describes a cognitive process that matches information from a stimulus with information retrieved from memory. Pattern recognition occurs when information from the environment is received and entered into short-term memory, causing automatic activation of a specific content of long-term memory. An early example of this is learning the alphabet in order. When a carer repeats ‘A, B, C’ multiple times to a child, utilizing the pattern recognition, the child says ‘C’ after they hear ‘A, B’ in order.
Adult neurogenesisAdult neurogenesis is the process in which neurons are generated from neural stem cells in the adult. This process differs from prenatal neurogenesis. In most mammals, new neurons are born throughout adulthood in two regions of the brain: The subgranular zone (SGZ), part of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, where neural stem cells give birth to granule cells (implicated in memory formation and learning). The subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles, which can be divided into three microdomains: lateral, dorsal and medial.
Demyelinating diseaseA demyelinating disease refers to any disease affecting the nervous system where the myelin sheath surrounding neurons is damaged. This damage disrupts the transmission of signals through the affected nerves, resulting in a decrease in their conduction ability. Consequently, this reduction in conduction can lead to deficiencies in sensation, movement, cognition, or other functions depending on the nerves affected. Various factors can contribute to the development of demyelinating diseases, including genetic predisposition, infectious agents, autoimmune reactions, and other unknown factors.
Immediate early geneImmediate early genes (IEGs) are genes which are activated transiently and rapidly in response to a wide variety of cellular stimuli. They represent a standing response mechanism that is activated at the transcription level in the first round of response to stimuli, before any new proteins are synthesized. IEGs are distinct from "late response" genes, which can only be activated later, following the synthesis of early response gene products. Thus IEGs have been called the "gateway to the genomic response".
RégénérationLa régénération, dite aussi parfois régénérescence, est la faculté d'une entité vivante (génome, cellule, organe, organisme, superorganisme, écosystème) à se reconstituer après destruction d'une partie de cette entité. La régénération peut concerner des cellules, des organes ou des parties fonctionnelles de certains êtres vivants, comme (dans une certaine mesure) le foie chez la plupart des vertébrés, dont l'homme. des organismes animaux, végétaux, fongiques ou microbiens.
