Laser absorption spectrometryLaser absorption spectrometry (LAS) refers to techniques that use lasers to assess the concentration or amount of a species in gas phase by absorption spectrometry (AS). Optical spectroscopic techniques in general, and laser-based techniques in particular, have a great potential for detection and monitoring of constituents in gas phase. They combine a number of important properties, e.g. a high sensitivity and a high selectivity with non-intrusive and remote sensing capabilities.
Laser à rayons XUn laser à rayon X, ou laser X-UV (soft x-ray laser en anglais, Roentgen laser en allemand) est un dispositif qui transpose le principe et les propriétés du laser aux ondes électromagnétiques de courte longueur d'onde : de l'ultraviolet extrême aux rayons X. On distingue deux types de lasers à rayons X : les lasers X à électrons libres (XFEL ou x-ray free electron laser) et les lasers X à plasma (Plasma-based soft x-ray laser).
ChannelrhodopsinChannelrhodopsins are a subfamily of retinylidene proteins (rhodopsins) that function as light-gated ion channels. They serve as sensory photoreceptors in unicellular green algae, controlling phototaxis: movement in response to light. Expressed in cells of other organisms, they enable light to control electrical excitability, intracellular acidity, calcium influx, and other cellular processes (see optogenetics). Channelrhodopsin-1 (ChR1) and Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) from the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are the first discovered channelrhodopsins.
Data cubeIn computer programming contexts, a data cube (or datacube) is a multi-dimensional ("n-D") array of values. Typically, the term data cube is applied in contexts where these arrays are massively larger than the hosting computer's main memory; examples include multi-terabyte/petabyte data warehouses and time series of image data. The data cube is used to represent data (sometimes called facts) along some dimensions of interest.
Photoacoustic spectroscopyPhotoacoustic spectroscopy is the measurement of the effect of absorbed electromagnetic energy (particularly of light) on matter by means of acoustic detection. The discovery of the photoacoustic effect dates to 1880 when Alexander Graham Bell showed that thin discs emitted sound when exposed to a beam of sunlight that was rapidly interrupted with a rotating slotted disk. The absorbed energy from the light causes local heating, generating a thermal expansion which creates a pressure wave or sound.
Microwave spectroscopyMicrowave spectroscopy is the spectroscopy method that employs microwaves, i.e. electromagnetic radiation at GHz frequencies, for the study of matter. The ammonia molecule NH3 is shaped like a pyramid 0.38 Å in height, with an equilateral triangle of hydrogens forming the base.The nitrogen situated on the axis has two equivalent equilibrium positions above and below the triangle of hydrogens, and this raises the possibility of the nitrogen tunneling up and down, through the plane of the H-atoms. In 1932 Dennison et al.
Magic angle spinningIn solid-state NMR spectroscopy, magic-angle spinning (MAS) is a technique routinely used to produce better resolution NMR spectra. MAS NMR consists in spinning the sample (usually at a frequency of 1 to 130 kHz) at the magic angle θm (ca. 54.74°, where cos2θm=1/3) with respect to the direction of the magnetic field. Three main interactions responsible in solid state NMR (dipolar, chemical shift anisotropy, quadrupolar) often lead to very broad and featureless NMR lines.
Medical optical imagingMedical optical imaging is the use of light as an investigational imaging technique for medical applications, pioneered by American Physical Chemist Britton Chance. Examples include optical microscopy, spectroscopy, endoscopy, scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, laser Doppler imaging, and optical coherence tomography. Because light is an electromagnetic wave, similar phenomena occur in X-rays, microwaves, and radio waves. Optical imaging systems may be divided into diffusive and ballistic imaging systems.
État doubletEn chimie quantique, un état doublet caractérise un atome ayant un électron non apparié sur une orbitale atomique, de telle sorte que deux états quantiques soient possibles, correspondant chacun à une direction ( ou ) du spin de l'électron célibataire. Le terme « doublet » remonte au , lorsque fut observé pour la première fois l'effet Zeeman dédoublant certaines raies spectrales d'un gaz ionisé excité en présence d'un fort champ magnétique : ce dernier permettait de distinguer deux orbitales atomiques normalement confondues à l'état fondamental, la différence étant due au sens opposé du moment angulaire de ces deux orbitales.
Spectroscopie d’émission atomiquevignette|250x250px| Spectromètre d'émission atomique à plasma à couplage inductif La spectroscopie d'émission atomique (AES) est une méthode d'analyse chimique qui utilise l'intensité de la lumière émise par une flamme, un plasma, un arc ou une étincelle à une longueur d'onde particulière pour déterminer la quantité d'un élément dans un échantillon. La longueur d'onde de la raie spectrale atomique sur le spectre d'émission donne l'identité de l'élément tandis que l'intensité de la lumière émise est proportionnelle au nombre d'atomes de l'élément.
