A thermodynamic cycle consists of linked sequences of thermodynamic processes that involve transfer of heat and work into and out of the system, while varying pressure, temperature, and other state variables within the system, and that eventually returns the system to its initial state. In the process of passing through a cycle, the working fluid (system) may convert heat from a warm source into useful work, and dispose of the remaining heat to a cold sink, thereby acting as a heat engine. Conversely, the cycle may be reversed and use work to move heat from a cold source and transfer it to a warm sink thereby acting as a heat pump. If at every point in the cycle the system is in thermodynamic equilibrium, the cycle is reversible. Whether carried out reversible or irreversibly, the net entropy change of the system is zero, as entropy is a state function.
During a closed cycle, the system returns to its original thermodynamic state of temperature and pressure. Process quantities (or path quantities), such as heat and work are process dependent. For a cycle for which the system returns to its initial state the first law of thermodynamics applies:
The above states that there is no change of the internal energy () of the system over the cycle. represents the total work and heat input during the cycle and would be the total work and heat output during the cycle. The repeating nature of the process path allows for continuous operation, making the cycle an important concept in thermodynamics. Thermodynamic cycles are often represented mathematically as quasistatic processes in the modeling of the workings of an actual device.
Two primary classes of thermodynamic cycles are power cycles and heat pump cycles. Power cycles are cycles which convert some heat input into a mechanical work output, while heat pump cycles transfer heat from low to high temperatures by using mechanical work as the input. Cycles composed entirely of quasistatic processes can operate as power or heat pump cycles by controlling the process direction.
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In physics, statistical mechanics is a mathematical framework that applies statistical methods and probability theory to large assemblies of microscopic entities. It does not assume or postulate any natural laws, but explains the macroscopic behavior of nature from the behavior of such ensembles. Sometimes called statistical physics or statistical thermodynamics, its applications include many problems in the fields of physics, biology, chemistry, and neuroscience.
A fossil fuel power station is a thermal power station which burns a fossil fuel, such as coal or natural gas, to produce electricity. Fossil fuel power stations have machinery to convert the heat energy of combustion into mechanical energy, which then operates an electrical generator. The prime mover may be a steam turbine, a gas turbine or, in small plants, a reciprocating gas engine. All plants use the energy extracted from the expansion of a hot gas, either steam or combustion gases.
thumb|Module externe d'un climatiseur à air. thumb|Module externe de climatiseur sur un toit. thumb|Climatiseur intégré au plafond. La climatisation est la technique qui consiste à modifier, contrôler et réguler les conditions climatiques (température, humidité, niveau de poussières) d’un intérieur pour des raisons de confort (automobile, bureaux, maisons individuelles) ou pour des raisons techniques (laboratoires médicaux, locaux de fabrication de composants électroniques, blocs opératoires, salles informatiques).
Une machine thermique est un mécanisme qui fait subir à un fluide des transformations cycliques au cours desquelles le fluide échange avec l'extérieur de l'énergie sous forme de travail et de chaleur. La théorie des machines thermiques s'attache à la description et à l'étude physique de certains systèmes thermodynamiques qui permettent de transformer l'énergie thermique en énergie mécanique, et vice versa. Fondée au milieu du siècle, elle s'appuie sur la thermodynamique, et en particulier sur ses deux premiers principes.
La théorie du calorique est une théorie de la chaleur proposée dans la seconde moitié du par le chimiste écossais Joseph Black, en réponse à l'hypothèse du « phlogistique ». D'après cette doctrine, la chaleur est un fluide, le calorique, s'écoulant des corps chauds vers les corps froids. Le calorique était aussi perçu comme un gaz sans masse capable de pénétrer les solides et les liquides. Pour Lavoisier, qui l'adopta, la chaleur est de la matière et même un élément fluide, impondérable et indestructible qu'il appelle fluide igné.
The Stirling cycle is a thermodynamic cycle that describes the general class of Stirling devices. This includes the original Stirling engine that was invented, developed and patented in 1816 by Robert Stirling with help from his brother, an engineer. The ideal Otto and Diesel cycles are not totally reversible because they involve heat transfer through a finite temperature difference during the irreversible isochoric/isobaric heat-addition and heat-rejection processes.
Le but du cours de Physique générale est de donner à l'étudiant les notions de base nécessaires à la compréhension des phénomènes physiques. L'objectif est atteint lorsque l'étudiant est capable de pr
The course introduces the basic concepts of thermodynamics and heat transfer, and thermodynamic properties of matter and their calculation. The students will master the concepts of heat, mass, and mom
High temperature heat pumps (HTHP) with heat sink temperatures of 100 to 160 °C will increasingly become commercialized in the coming years, especially for industrial drying, sterilization and evaporation processes. In particular, the HFO R1336mzz(Z) and t ...
2019
An important part of the electricity production relies on heat conversion. Indeed power plants burn fuels like natural gas, coal or use nuclear fission to produce heat that can be transformed into electricity through a thermodynamic cycle and the mechanica ...
EPFL2020
In CO2 cycles with high-temperature heat sources that are used in applications such as nuclear power, concentrated solar power, and combustion, partial condensation transcritical CO2 (T-CO2) cycles or recompression supercritical CO2 (S-CO2) cycles are cons ...