Natural (archaeology)In archaeology, natural is a term to denote a layer (stratum) in the stratigraphic record where there is no evidence of human impact on the environment. While there may be "natural" layers interbedded with archaeologically interesting layers, such as when a site was abandoned for long periods between occupations, the top (or horizon) of the natural layer below which there is no anthropogenic activity on site, and thus where the archaeological record begins, is the point to terminate digging.
Megalithic architectural elementsThis article describes several characteristic architectural elements typical of European megalithic (Stone Age) structures. In archaeology, a forecourt is the name given to the area in front of certain types of chamber tomb. Forecourts were probably the venue for ritual practices connected with the burial and commemoration of the dead in the past societies that built these types of tombs. In European megalithic architecture, forecourts are curved in plan with the entrance to the tomb at the apex of the open semicircle enclosure that the forecourt creates.
Archaeological recordThe archaeological record is the body of physical (not written) evidence about the past. It is one of the core concepts in archaeology, the academic discipline concerned with documenting and interpreting the archaeological record. Archaeological theory is used to interpret the archaeological record for a better understanding of human cultures. The archaeological record can consist of the earliest ancient findings as well as contemporary artifacts. Human activity has had a large impact on the archaeological record.
31 décembreLe est le jour de l'année du calendrier grégorien, le en cas d'année bissextile. C'était généralement le du mois de nivôse dans le calendrier républicain français, officiellement dénommé jour du granit. 30 décembre - - 32 : fin du second triumvirat romain. 192 : assassinat de l'empereur romain Commode. 406 : un flot de "barbares" germaniques franchissent le Rhin gelé dans la nuit, et Stilicon est impuissant pour les contenir, ce qui marque le début de la chute de l'Empire romain d'Occident, car cet afflux ne s'interrompra plus, ensuite, au moins jusqu'en 409 (par exemple la ville alors romaine de Trèves sera prise et incendiée par les Francs début 407).
Proportions corporellesvignette|La Vierge au long cou, vers 1534-1540, par Parmigianino. Comme dans d'autres œuvres maniéristes, les proportions du corps - ici le cou - sont exagérées pour l'effet artistique. Les proportions corporelles sont l'ensemble des rapports de longueur des parties du corps chez une personne donnée ou statistiquement dans un groupe ou population, et déterminée pour une part par le génome. L'âge intervient aussi puisqu'il est notoire que la proportion de la tête au reste du corps est plus grande chez le nouveau-né.
EraAn era is a span of time defined for the purposes of chronology or historiography, as in the regnal eras in the history of a given monarchy, a calendar era used for a given calendar, or the geological eras defined for the history of Earth. Comparable terms are epoch, age, period, saeculum, aeon (Greek aion) and Sanskrit yuga. The word has been in use in English since 1615, and is derived from Late Latin aera "an era or epoch from which time is reckoned," probably identical to Latin æra "counters used for calculation," plural of æs "brass, money".
Geological history of EarthThe geological history of Earth follows the major geological events in Earth's past based on the geological time scale, a system of chronological measurement based on the study of the planet's rock layers (stratigraphy). Earth formed about 4.54 billion years ago by accretion from the solar nebula, a disk-shaped mass of dust and gas left over from the formation of the Sun, which also created the rest of the Solar System. Initially, the Earth was molten due to extreme volcanism and frequent collisions with other bodies.
Phase (archaeology)In archaeology, a phase refers to the logical reduction of contexts recorded during excavation to nearly contemporary archaeological horizons that represent a distinct "phase" of previous land use. These often but not always will be a representation of a former land surface or occupation level and all associated features that were created into or from this point in time. A simplified description of phase would be that "a phase is a view of a given archaeological site as it would have been at time X".
Thermoluminescence datingThermoluminescence dating (TL) is the determination, by means of measuring the accumulated radiation dose, of the time elapsed since material containing crystalline minerals was either heated (lava, ceramics) or exposed to sunlight (sediments). As a crystalline material is heated during measurements, the process of thermoluminescence starts. Thermoluminescence emits a weak light signal that is proportional to the radiation dose absorbed by the material. It is a type of luminescence dating.
Typologie lithiqueEn archéologie préhistorique, une typologie lithique est une liste de types d'objets de pierre taillée, le plus souvent des outils ou des outils présumés, présentant des attributs caractéristiques (morphologie, dimensions, techniques de fabrication, matériau, etc.). L'emploi des catégories descriptives standardisées définies dans des typologies (généralement dénommées « listes typologiques » en archéologie préhistorique) peuvent ensuite être analysées à l'aide de procédures statistiques.
