Stratigraphy (archaeology)Stratigraphy is a key concept to modern archaeological theory and practice. Modern excavation techniques are based on stratigraphic principles. The concept derives from the geological use of the idea that sedimentation takes place according to uniform principles. When archaeological finds are below the surface of the ground (as is most commonly the case), the identification of the context of each find is vital in enabling the archaeologist to draw conclusions about the site and about the nature and date of its occupation.
Relationship (archaeology)An archaeological relationship is the position in space and by implication, in time, of an object or context with respect to another. This is determined, not by linear measurement but by determining the sequence of their deposition – which arrived before the other. The key to this is stratigraphy. Archaeological material would, to a very large extent, have been called rubbish when it was left on the site. It tends to accumulate in events. A gardener swept a pile of soil into a corner, laid a gravel path or planted a bush in a hole.
Culture archéologiqueUne culture archéologique est un ensemble d'artéfacts archéologiques, limité à une période et à une zone géographique, et provenant d'un même peuple et permettant de reconstituer une culture ou une civilisation disparue de nos jours. En ethno-archéologie et en anthropologie sociale et culturelle , par sa « culture » on entend distinguer chaque groupe humain occupant un certain espace géographique pendant une période donnée.
Harris matrixThe Harris matrix is a tool used to depict the temporal succession of archaeological contexts and thus the sequence of depositions and surfaces on a 'dry land' archaeological site, otherwise called a 'stratigraphic sequence'. The matrix reflects the relative position and stratigraphic contacts of observable stratigraphic units, or contexts. It was developed in 1973 in Winchester, England, by Dr. Edward C. Harris.
Feature (archaeology)In archaeological excavation, a feature is a collection of one or more contexts representing some human non-portable activity, such as a hearth or wall. Features serve as an indication that the area in which they are found has been interfered with in the past, usually by humans. Features are distinguished from artifacts in that they cannot be separated from their location without changing their form. Artifacts are portable, while features are non-portable.
Plan (archaeology)In archaeological excavation, a plan is a drawn record of features and artifacts in the horizontal plane. Archaeological plan can either take the form of a "multi context" plan, which is drawn with many contexts on it to show relationships between these features as part of some phase, or alternatively a single context plan with a single feature is drawn . Excavated features are drawn in three dimensions with the help of drawing conventions such as hachures. Single context planning developed by the Museum of London has become the professional norm.
TéphrochronologieLa téphrochronologie (du grec τέφρα — cendres, χρόνος, "chrono" auquel est ajouté le suffixe "-logie", du grec ancien λόγος, "logos", "parole") est un procédé reposant sur la datation des tephras dans les sédiments ; c'est-à-dire des dépôts pyroclastiques (ou éjectas) expulsés lors d'éruptions volcaniques, autour du cratère lors d'une nuée ardente, ou qui retombent après avoir été transportés de quelques kilomètres à plusieurs centaines, depuis leur lieu d'émission via les courants atmosphériques de la tropo
Luminescence optiquement stimuléeLa luminescence optiquement stimulée (de l'anglais Optically Stimulated Luminescence ou OSL) est une technique utilisée pour la datation des minéraux. Cette technique repose sur le principe que dans certains minéraux, tels que le quartz et le feldspath, les électrons de leurs cristaux peuvent être piégés entre la bande de valence et la bande de conduction à la suite d'une excitation par la radiation ionisante émise par des radionucléides présents naturellement dans le sol (p.ex.
