Ethical relationshipAn ethical relationship, in most theories of ethics that employ the term, is a basic and trustworthy relationship that one individual may have with another, that cannot necessarily be characterized in terms of any abstraction other than trust and common protection of each other's body. Honesty is very often a major focus. Usually studied is the relationship between the mother and child, and second most basic is between sexual partners—the focus of feminism and Queer theory respectively, in which relationships are central.
Pragmatic ethicsPragmatic ethics is a theory of normative philosophical ethics and meta-ethics. Ethical pragmatists such as John Dewey believe that some societies have progressed morally in much the way they have attained progress in science. Scientists can pursue inquiry into the truth of a hypothesis and accept the hypothesis, in the sense that they act as though the hypothesis were true; nonetheless, they think that future generations can advance science, and thus future generations can refine or replace (at least some of) their accepted hypotheses.
Moral developmentMoral development focuses on the emergence, change, and understanding of morality from infancy through adulthood. The theory states that morality develops across a life span in a variety of ways and is influenced by an individual's experiences and behavior when faced with moral issues through different periods of physical and cognitive development. Morality concerns an individual's reforming sense of what is right and wrong; it is for this reason that young children have different moral judgment and character than that of a grown adult.
Universal valueA value is a universal value if it has the same value or worth for all, or almost all, people. Spheres of human value encompass morality, aesthetic preference, traits, human endeavour, and social order. Whether universal values exist is an unproven conjecture of moral philosophy and cultural anthropology, though it is clear that certain values are found across a great diversity of human cultures, such as primary attributes of physical attractiveness (e.g. youthfulness, symmetry) whereas other attributes (e.
Beneficence (ethics)Beneficence is a concept in research ethics that states that researchers should have the welfare of the research participant as a goal of any clinical trial or other research study. The antonym of this term, maleficence, describes a practice that opposes the welfare of any research participant. According to the Belmont Report, researchers are required to follow two moral requirements in line with the principle of beneficence: do not harm and maximize possible benefits for research while minimizing any potential harm on others.
Negative and positive rightsThe right of person A to obligate (enforce an obligation on) person B to refrain from (causal) physical interference with, in particular a purely interfering negligence tort against, some object or thing is called a negative right. So a negative right is a claim right. If a claim right is not a negative right, it is called a positive right. To every claim right of person A to obligate person B corresponds the obligation on B, so the obligation corresponding to a negative right is called a 'negative obligation' and an obligation corresponding to positive right a 'positive obligation'.
Behavioural despair testThe behavioural despair test (or Porsolt forced swimming test) is a test, centered on a rodent's response to the threat of drowning, whose result has been interpreted as measuring susceptibility to negative mood. It is commonly used to measure the effectiveness of antidepressants, although significant criticisms of its interpretation have been made. Animals are subjected to two trials during which they are forced to swim in an acrylic glass cylinder filled with water, and from which they cannot escape.
FreedomFreedom is the power or right to act, speak, and change as one wants without hindrance or restraint. Freedom is often associated with liberty and autonomy in the sense of "giving oneself one's own laws". In one definition, something is "free" if it can change and is not constrained in its present state. Physicists and chemists use the word in this sense. Philosophy and religion sometimes associate freedom with free will, as distinct from predestination.
Don d'organesLe don d'organes est le prélèvement d'organes et de tissus (on parle dans ce cas de don de tissus) d'un corps humain (appelé donneur) pour traiter des patients (appelés receveurs) dont les organes essentiels sont gravement atteints. Le prélèvement chirurgical peut s'effectuer sur des personnes mortes en état de mort cérébrale (don d'organes post mortem) ou sur des personnes vivantes (don d'organe de son vivant). Il s'agit de la première étape avant la réalisation d'une transplantation chez un receveur.
Éthique de l'ingénierieL’éthique de l'ingénierie est le domaine de l'éthique appliquée qui examine et établit des normes pour les ingénieurs dans le cadre de leurs obligations envers le public, leurs clients, leurs employeurs et la profession. Serment d'Archimède : élaboré en 1990 par un groupe de diplômants de l'École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne sur le modèle du serment d'Hippocrate En France, voir Ingénieurs et scientifiques de France#Éthique de l'ingénieur Responsabilité éthique de l’ingénieur dans les systèmes complex
