Plasmolysis is the process in which cells lose water in a hypertonic solution. The reverse process, deplasmolysis or cytolysis, can occur if the cell is in a hypotonic solution resulting in a lower external osmotic pressure and a net flow of water into the cell. Through observation of plasmolysis and deplasmolysis, it is possible to determine the tonicity of the cell's environment as well as the rate solute molecules cross the cellular membrane.
The term plasmolysis is derived from the Latin word ‘plasma’ meaning ‘matrix’ and the Greek word ‘lysis’, meaning ‘loosening’.
Turgor pressure
A plant cell in hypotonic solution will absorb water by endosmosis, so that the increased volume of water in the cell will increase pressure, making the protoplasm push against the cell wall, a condition known as turgor. Turgor makes plant cells push against each other in the same way and is the main line method of support in non-woody plant tissue. Plant cell walls resist further water entry after a certain point, known as full turgor, which stops plant cells from bursting as animal cells do in the same conditions. This is also the reason that plants stand upright. Without the stiffness of the plant cells the plant would fall under its own weight. Turgor pressure allows plants to stay firm and erect, and plants without turgor pressure (known as flaccid) wilt. A cell will begin to decline in turgor pressure only when there is no air spaces surrounding it and eventually leads to a greater osmotic pressure than that of the cell. Vacuoles play a role in turgor pressure when water leaves the cell due to hyperosmotic solutions containing solutes such as mannitol, sorbitol, and sucrose.
If a plant cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, the plant cell loses water and hence turgor pressure by plasmolysis: pressure decreases to the point where the protoplasm of the cell peels away from the cell wall, leaving gaps between the cell wall and the membrane and making the plant cell shrink and crumple.
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La plasmolyse est l'état cellulaire résultant d'une perte d'eau par une cellule végétale ou animale, stockée notamment dans des vacuoles. Elle est provoquée par le phénomène d'osmose qui se produit en cas de différence de concentrations des milieux intra et extra cellulaires. Par exemple dans un milieu hypertonique la concentration est plus grande à l'extérieur qu'à l'intérieur de la cellule, cette dernière va donc être plasmolysée : une partie de l'eau que contient sa vacuole va migrer vers le milieu extracellulaire.
La turgescence est l'état d'une cellule vivante dilatée par l'eau qui y est entrée, et qui s'accumule dans ses vacuoles ou ses vésicules. L'eau étant devenue abondante dans la vacuole, la pression exercée de l'intérieur de la cellule vers le milieu s'exerce sur la paroi primaire. Ce phénomène est appelé pression de turgescence.
In chemical biology, tonicity is a measure of the effective osmotic pressure gradient; the water potential of two solutions separated by a partially-permeable cell membrane. Tonicity depends on the relative concentration of selective membrane-impermeable solutes across a cell membrane which determine the direction and extent of osmotic flux. It is commonly used when describing the swelling-versus-shrinking response of cells immersed in an external solution.
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