Loi de l'osmométrie | EPFL Graph Search

En chimie physique, la loi de l'osmométrie, aussi appelée loi de van 't Hoff ou loi de la pression osmotique, est une loi relative au phénomène de l'osmose. Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff l'énonça en 1886 et reçut en 1901 le premier prix Nobel de chimie . Cette loi est l'une des lois relatives aux propriétés colligatives des solutions chimiques, avec les trois énoncées par François-Marie Raoult à partir de 1878 : la loi de l'ébulliométrie, la loi de la cryométrie et la loi de la tonométrie (lois de Raoult). Ces quatre lois ont notamment permis d'établir des méthodes de détermination expérimentale de la masse molaire des espèces chimiques. Énoncé de la loi Cas général Lorsque l'on place un solvant s pur et une solution d'un soluté \sigma quelconque dans le même solvant de part et d'autre d'une membrane semi-perméable (ne laissant passer que le solvant), le solvant migre spontanément à travers la membrane du contenant le solvant pur vers

Determining The Potential Of Salinity Gradient Energy Source Using An Exergy Analysis

Arash Emdadi

Mixing of fresh (river) water and salty water (seawater or saline brine) in a control fashion would produces an electrical energy known as salinity gradient energy (SGE). Two main conversion technologies of SGE are membrane-based processes; pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) and reverse electrodialysis (RED). In PRO, semipermeable membranes placed between the two streams of solutions allow the transport of water from low-pressure diluted solution to high-pressure concentrated solution. RED requires two alternating semipermeable membranes that allow the diffusion of the ions but not the flow of H2O. Lifetime and power density of the semipermeable membrane are two main factors affecting on deployment of PRO and RED. Semipermeable membranes with lifetime greater than 10 years and power density higher than 5 W/m(2) would lead to faster development of this conversion technology. An exergy analysis of an SGE system of sea-river can be applied to calculate the maximum potential power for electricity generation. Seawater is taken as reference environment (global dead state) for calculating the exergy of water since the seawater is the final reservoir. Once the fresh water is mixed with water of the sea or lake it becomes unuseful for human, agricultural or industrial uses loses all its exergy. Aqueous sodium chloride solution model is used in this study to calculate the thermodynamic properties of seawater. This model does not consider seawater as an ideal model and provides accurate thermodynamics properties of sodium chloride solution. As a case study, exergy calculation of Iran's Urmia Lake- GadarChay River system. The chemical exergy analysis considers sodium chloride (NaCl) as main salt in the water of Lake Urmia. The sodium chloride concentration is more than 200 g/L in recent years. Based on the exergy results the potential power of this system is 329 MW. This results indicates a high potential for constructing power plant for salinity gradient energy conversion.

Amer Soc Mechanical Engineers2016

Simulating Infiltration as a Sequence of Pinning and De-pinning Processes

William Craig Carter, Andreas Mortensen

The infiltration of a non-wetting liquid, such as molten metal, into a porous solid, such as a ceramic preform, is influenced by the wetting angle of the liquid on the solid. The link between local wetting and the minimum pressure required for initiation of infiltration or the pressure required for full preform infiltration can deviate strongly from what one would expect on the basis of elementary thermodynamic considerations or simple geometrical models. In this work, we explain the trends observed in experimental studies of pressure infiltration of molten metal into ceramic preforms by means of a percolation model, in which the pores themselves are given a simple geometric shape. This gives a simple yet rich and realistic treatment of the infiltration process. Specifically, the pop-through pressure necessary to traverse a throat between two neighboring circular (2D) or spherical (3D) pores can easily be calculated and incorporated in a 3D network model of many pores produced by generating a packing of slightly overlapping circles or spheres. The resulting pore structure defines a bond percolation network that agrees overall both with predictions of percolation theory and observations from experiment, and which can be extended to address a range of other aspects of multi-phase flow through porous media. (c) 2021 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

2021

Determining The Potential Of Salinity Gradient Energy Source Using An Exergy Analysis

Arash Emdadi

Amer Soc Mechanical Engineers2016